1. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN:
AN AGILE, ITERATIVE APPROACH
SATZINGER | JACKSON | BURD
CHAPTER 5
Chapter 5
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

2. Extending the Requirements Models
Introduction to Systems
Analysis and Design:
An Agile, Iteractive Approach
6th Ed
Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

3. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Chapter 5 Outline
Use Case Descriptions
Activity Diagrams for Use Cases
The System Sequence Diagram—Identifying Inputs and Outputs
The State Machine Diagram—Identifying Object Behavior
Integrating Requirements Models
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

4. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Overview
Previous Chapters identified and modeled the three primary aspects of functional requirements: use cases SSD and domain classes (class diagram)
This chapter focuses on :
Systems Analysis Activities
What Are Requirements?
Models and Modeling
Stakeholders
Information-Gathering Techniques
Documenting Workflows with Activity Diagrams
additional techniques and models to extend the requirements models to show more detail
Activity diagrams (first shown in Chapter 2) can also be used to show the flow of activities for a use case
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

5. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Overview (continued)
System sequence diagrams (SSDs) show the inputs and outputs for each use case as messages
State machine diagrams show the states an object can be in over time between use cases
Use cases are modeled in more detail using fully developed use case descriptions, activity diagrams, and system sequence diagrams
Domain classes are modeled in more detail using state machine diagrams
Not all use cases and domain classes are modeled at this level of detail. Only model when there is complexity and a need to communicate details
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

6. Systems Analysis Activities
The New Consolidated Sales and Marketing System (CSMS) will require discovering and understanding extensive and complex business processes and business rules
The SDLC indicates the project starts with identifying the problem, obtaining approval, and planning the project (as seen in Chapter 1)
To get to the heart of systems analysis, this text skips right to analysis activities generally and the specifically for the RMO CSMS project
Project planning and project management are covered I detail later in the text
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

7. Systems Analysis Activities Involve discovery and understanding
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

8. Systems Analysis Activities
Gather Detailed Information
Interviews, questionnaires, documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions
Define Requirements
Modeling functional requirements and non-functional requirements
Prioritize Requirements
Essential, important, vs. nice to have
Develop User-Interface Dialogs
Flow of interaction between user and system
Evaluate Requirements with Users
User involvement, feedback, adapt to changes
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

9. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
What Are Requirements?
System Requirements =
Functional requirements
Non-functional requirements
Functional Requirements– the activities the system must perform
Business uses, functions the users carry out
Use cases in Chapter 1
Non-Functional Requirements– other system characteristics
Constraints and performance goals
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

10. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym
Functional requirements
Usability requirements
Reliability requirements
Performance requirements
Security requirements
+ even more categories…
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

11. FURPS+ Requirements Acronym
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

12. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Models and Modeling
How do we define requirements? After collecting information, create models
Model– a representation of some aspect of the system being built
Types of Models
Textual model– something written down, described
Graphical models– diagram, schematic
Mathematical models– formulas, statistics, algorithms
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Standard graphical modeling symbols/terminology used for information systems
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

13. Some Analysis and Design Models
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

14. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Reasons for Modeling
Learning from the modeling process
Reducing complexity by abstraction
Remembering all the details
Communicating with other development team members
Communicating with a variety of users and stakeholders
Documenting what was done for future maintenance/enhancement
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15. Information Gathering Techniques
Interviewing users and other stakeholders
Distributing and collecting questionnaires
Reviewing inputs, outputs, and documentation
Observing and documenting business procedures
Researching vendor solutions
Collecting active user comments and suggestions
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

16. Interviewing Users and Other Stakeholders
Prepare detailed questions
Meet with individuals or groups of users
Obtain and discuss answers to the questions
Document the answers
Follow up as needed in future meetings or interviews
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

17. Themes for Information Gathering Questions
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

18. Preparing for Interview
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

19. Interview Session Agenda
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

20. Keeping an Open Items List
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

21. Distribute and Collect Questionnaires
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

22. Review Inputs, Outputs, and Procedures
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

23. Additional Techniques
Observe and Document Business Processes
Watch and learn
Document with Activity diagram (next section)
Research Vendor Solutions
See what others have done for similar situations
White papers, vendor literature, competitors
Collect Active User Comments and Suggestions
Feedback on models and tests
Users know it when the see it
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

24. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Activity Diagrams
A diagram shows :
Set of activities.
sequence of processing steps
Describes user (or system) activities, the person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities ( including parallel avtivities)
Useful for showing a graphical model of a workflow
A UML diagram
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

25. Activity Diagrams Symbols
fork
join
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

26. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition
Example
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

27. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

28. [no coffee]
[no cola]
Find
Beverage
[found coffee]
Put coffee
in filter
Add water
to reservoir
Get
cups
Get can
of cola
Put filter
in machine
Turn on
machine
Brew
coffee
Pour
coffee
Drink
Beverage

29. Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

30. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary
Systems analysis activates correspond to the core SDLC process Discover and understand details
System projects originate from the information system strategic plan, which contains an technology architecture plan and an application architecture plan
The RMO CSMS Project will be used throughout the text as an example of analysis and design
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

31. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary
Systems analysis involves defining system requirements– functional and non-functional
Analysis activities include
Gather detailed information
Define requirements
Prioritize requirements
Develop user-interface dialogs
Evaluate requirements with users
FURPS+ is the acronym for functional, usability, reliability, performance, and security requirements
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

32. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary
Models and modeling are used to explore and document requirements
A model represents some aspect of a system, and can include textual, graphical, and mathematical models
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the standard set of notations and terminology for information systems models
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

33. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Summary
Stakeholders are the people who have an interest in the success of the project
There are internal vs. external stakeholders and operational vs. executive stakeholders
Information gathering techniques are used to collect information about the project
Interviews, questionnaires, reviewing documents, observing business processes, researching vendors, comments and suggestions
The UML Activity Diagram is used to document (model) workflows after collecting information
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

34. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Use Case Descriptions
Write a brief description as shown in Chapter 3 for most use cases.
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

35. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Use Case Descriptions
Write a fully developed use case description for more complex use cases
Typical use case description templates include:
Use case name
Scenario (if needed)
Triggering event
Brief description
Actors
Related use cases (<<includes>>)
Stakeholders
Preconditions
Post conditions
Flow of activities
Exception conditions
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

36. Fully Developed Use Case Description Use case: Create customer account
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

37. Fully Developed Use Case Description Create customer account (part 1 )
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

38. Fully Developed Use Case Description Create customer account (part 2 )
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

39. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Another Fully Developed Use Case Description Example Use case Ship items
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

40. Fully Developed Use Case Description Ship items (part 1 )
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

41. Fully Developed Use Case Description Ship items (part 2 )
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

42. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
UML Activity Diagram for Use Case Create Customer Account Note: this shows flow of activities only
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

43. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
UML Activity Diagram for Use Case Fill shopping cart Note: this shows use case with <<includes>> reltionship
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

44. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
State Machine Diagram
State machine diagram
A UML diagram showing the life of an object in states and transitions
State
A condition during an object’s life when it satisfies some criterion, performs some action, or waits for an event
Transition
The movement of an object from one state to another state
Action Expression
A description of activities performed as part of a transition
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

45. State Machine Diagram (continued)
Pseudo state
The starting point of a state machine diagram (black dot)
Origin state
The original state of an object before transition
Destination state
The state to which the object moves after the transition
Guard condition
A true false test to see whether a transition can fire
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

46. State Machine Diagram for a Printer
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

47. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Composite States
State containing other states and transitions
Printer can be On and either Idle or Working
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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48. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
Concurrent Paths
Multiple paths in composite state
Printer On paths are independent
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

49. Steps for Developing State Machine Diagram
Review the class diagram and select classes that might require state machine diagrams
For each class, make a list of status conditions (states) you can identify
Begin building diagram fragments by identifying transitions that cause an object to leave the identified state
Sequence these states in the correct order and aggregate combinations into larger fragments
Review paths and look for independent, concurrent paths
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

50. Steps for Developing State Machine Diagram (continued)
Look for additional transitions and test both directions
Expand each transition with appropriate message event, guard condition, and action expression
Review and test the state machine diagram for the class
Make sure state are really state for the object in the class
Follow the life cycle of an object coming into existence and being deleted
Be sure the diagram covers all exception condition
Look again for concurrent paths and composite states
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

51. RMO Domain Class States for SaleItem Object
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

52. Final State Machine Diagram for SaleItem Object
addItem() and archive() transitions added
markBackOrdered() transition added
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

53. RMO Domain Class States for Sale Object
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

54. Initial State Machine Diagram for RMO Sale Object
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

55. Final State Machine Diagram for Sale Object
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition.
May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

56. Extending and Integrating Requirements Models
Use cases
Use case diagram
Use case description
Activity diagram
System sequence diagram (SSD)
Domain Classes
Domain model class diagram
State machine diagram
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

57. Integrating Requirements Models
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design, 6th Edition
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May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.