1. British Colonization in North America
Part 1: Virginia, Chesapeake, & New England colonies

2. The Natives and the British
Crash Course

3. Settling the British Colonies
Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonies were not funded or strictly controlled by the king:
Joint-Stock companies were formed by investors who hoped to profit off new colonies
Once a charter was gained from the king, the company could maintain a colony in America

4. Jamestown, Virginia
In 1606, the Virginia Company was formed by investors hoping to find gold in the New World
In 1607, Jamestown became the first permanent British colony in America

5. What does this advertisement reveal about the Jamestown colony?

6. What are the advantages of this location? Disadvantages?

7. The Chesapeake Colonies
Jamestown was founded along the Chesapeake Bay in present-day Virginia.
Settlers built a fort, but struggled to survive in their first years in America.
Settlers arrived looking for gold so they did not prepare to stay long in America; They did not farm and faced starvation.
John Rolfe took control and forced settlers to farm.

8. The Chesapeake Colonies
Jamestown was located on a swamp and led to outbreaks of cholera among colonists.
Jamestown was located in a territory controlled by the Powhatan Indians who attacked the settlement.

9. In 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Jamestown colonists

10. The Chesapeake Colonies
After the Jamestown colonists established their colony, the joint-stock investors demanded the colonists find a way to make money.
In 1612, John Rolfe introduced tobacco in Jamestown which was popular in Europe and made investor’s money.
Tobacco became so popular that colonists planted more, built large plantations and expanded to find new land for farming.

12. Due to the success of tobacco, Jamestown grew into “Virginia”

13. The Chesapeake Colonies
Tobacco created a need for workers to plant and pick the tobacco.

14. Virginia Workers
To meet the demand for field workers, Virginians used:
Indentured servants from England; Typically poor men who agreed to work for a land owner for 4-7 yrs. in exchange for travel to America
In 1618, the headright system was created; 50 acres were given to anyone who brought an indentured servant to America
African slaves

15. The Chesapeake Colonies
The large population of debtors in Britain led thousands of people to immigrate as indentured servants to America.
Indentured servants were worked hard, treated poorly, and many died before their contracts ended.

16. The Chesapeake Colonies
In addition to indentured servants, Virginia’s landowners also used African slaves who were first brought to Jamestown in 1619.
In the mid-1600’s, less indentured servants came to America as the British economy improved; As a result, African slavery replaced indentured servitude as the dominant labor system in Virginia.
African slaves were transported from Africa to America on slaves ships across the “middle passage”.

18. The Chesapeake Colonies
Social hierarchy in the Chesapeake
Owners of cash crop plantations were at the top of society.
Poor, land owners were the largest class; most were former indentured servants.
There were few women in Virginia, which made it difficult for colonists to marry or to have large families.
Indentured servants were often mistreated
Slaves were at the bottom of society.

19. The Chesapeake Colonies
The Virginia House of Burgesses
Virginia colonists needed laws to maintain order but the British government was thousands of miles across the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1619, Virginian’s formed the House of Burgesses which was the first elected assembly in America.
Virginia was a royal colony so it had a governor chosen by the king, but the House of Burgesses made the important decisions regarding rights and laws.

20. Bacon’s Rebellion
Even though the leaders of the House of Burgesses were elected, they were plantation owners who did not always represent the poor farmers of the colony.

21. Bacon’s Rebellion
Former indentured servants in western VA suffered from poor tobacco prices & Indian attacks
Poor farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, blamed VA’s royal governor & started a rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion proved to rich Virginians that slaves were better than indentured servants because slaves would never ask for land

22. New England colonies: How were they different from colonial Virginia?

24. The New England Colonies
The colonists who first settled in New England came for religious reasons.
Religious disagreements in Britain led to divisions in the Anglican church.
Puritans believed in the Calvinist idea of Predestination and tried to live strictly “Christian” lives without sin.
Puritans believed that the Anglican Church compromised too far by allowing some allowances.
Some fundamentalist Puritans were known as Separatists because they were unwilling to wait for church reforms.

25. Pilgrims
The Separatists became Pilgrims when they formed a joint-stock company, gained a charter, and created the Plymouth colony in America.
Before landing in America, the Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact agreeing to work together as a “civil body politick” – The Mayflower Compact was the first example of written laws in America.

26. The Pilgrims in Plymouth
Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives
The first Thanksgiving

27. Pilgrims
Pilgrims received help from local natives like Squanto and Massasoit…and celebrated the first Thanksgiving to honor the local Indians.
When the Separatist Pilgrims came to America, the Puritans remained within the Church of England.
But when the roundheads came to power, Puritans felt it was right to leave Britain.

28. Puritans
In 1630, the Puritans arrived in Plymouth and created the New England colony of Massachusetts.
From 1630 to 1640, Puritan leader John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the Holy Experiment.
John Winthrop wanted to build Boston as a “City Upon a Hill” to be a good example to other Christians.

29. The Great Puritan Migration

30. What makes New England society unique?

31. What functions could this building have served in New England?

32. Massachusetts was a different colony from Virginia
Puritans came to America for religious freedom.
Puritan settlers usually came as families.
Settlers worked together for the common good, built homes and focused on subsistence farming.
New England was a more hospitable place to live than Virginia so colonists lived longer.

33. Social Hierarchy
Religious leaders served as government leaders and were at the top of New England society.
The majority of the New England population were small scale farmers who were loyal to the local community.
At the bottom of society was the small population of poor landless laborers and servants.

34. Massachusetts Government
Government in Massachusetts centered on the church through town meetings:
Each Massachusetts town was independently governed by local church members
All adult male church members were allowed to vote for local laws & taxes

35. Massachusetts Colony
As the Massachusetts Colony grew, it spawned 4 new colonies: New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Haven, and Connecticut
Connecticut was important for creating the first written Constitution in US history called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

36. Limiting Dissent in NE
Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts when he demanded that Indians be paid for their land; He formed the Rhode Island colony in 1636
Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island for challenging Puritan leaders’ authority

37. Tensions in New England
As the New England colonies expanded into new lands, conflicts with Indians arose:
Pequot War in 1637 led to the massacre of 600 Indians (the 1st major British-led attack on Indians)
King Philip’s War in 1675 resulted when the Wampanoag raided towns, killing 10% of the colonial New England men

38. What might have caused the hysteria shown in this image?

39. Tensions in New England
By the 1660s, many New England town experienced a drop-off in church membership & responded with the Halfway Covenant:
Granted church membership to people who had not had a “conversion experience”
This compromise revealed the declining importance of religion in New England

40. Tensions in New England
Religion played a role in the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 when several young girls accused people of being witches.
The hysteria was caused by tensions over land ownerships, Indian attacks, and religious disagreements
As a result of the trials, some people were killed an many people were jailed.

41. Closure Activity On the map provided, label each:
Virginia
Massachusetts
Plymouth
Rhode Island
For each of the above colonies, create a symbol that summarized the characteristics of the colony