1. The Jefferson/Jackson Era

2. Jefferson
Silent Revolution- transfer of power from Federalist to Republicans (Anti)
Marbury vs. Madison- Judiciary Review: ability to declare laws unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase- X 2 United States $15 million
Desired to shrink the size of US gov’t
Made it bigger by acquiring LA Purchase

3. Jefferson as President
Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & with goals:
To reduce size & cost of gov’t & promote republican agrarianism
To repeal key Federalist policies (Alien & Sedition Acts & John Adams’ midnight appointments)
To maintain international peace
However, Jefferson would have to compromise many of his ideological principles to be an effective president 5

4. Eliminated all national debt
Jeffersonian Reforms
Jefferson’s priority was to reduce the role of the national gov’t & return key decisions to the states
Repealed all excise taxes on Americans & relied on shipping taxes to generate revenue
Slashed military spending, reduced the army by 50%, & retired most naval ships
Eliminated all national debt 6

5. The Louisiana Purchase
In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to attempt to create an empire in North America
But, the Haitian revolution & cost of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America
In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans and part of Florida, but needing money… Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
Jefferson believed this was too good to be true and agreed quickly…
Commissions Lewis and Clark to explore
James Monroe & Robert Livingstone were US diplomats to buy New Orleans 7

6. The Louisiana Purchase
Video
James Monroe & Robert Livingstone were US diplomats to buy New Orleans 7

7. The Louisiana Purchase & the Lewis & Clark Expedition
Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory
Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805
To determine if the Missouri River flowed to Pacific Ocean
Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna

8. Lewis and Clark
Video – Lewis and Clark

9. Renewed Conflict Overseas
In 1803, England & France resumed their war & violated U.S. neutrality rights by seizing ships & impressing American sailors:
Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France
In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular embargo that prohibited U.S. merchants from trading with England or France
The embargo did not hurt England or France but really hurt the US
The embargo hurt the New England economy 19

10. Conclusions During Jefferson’s two terms:
The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge population growth, & experienced western expansion
The role of government shrank
The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive, politically partisan era
The U.S. grew closer to international war due to failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe

11. Jefferson
Video – Thomas Jefferson Presidency

12. Madison
War of 1812
Impressment of American Sailors and conflict with Natives on the Frontier
Violated Treaty of Paris removal of British from US lands
“Second American Revolution”
Star Spangled Banner-Nationalistic
Battle of New Orleans- Andrew Jackson
Treaty of Ghent signed in 1814
Treaty that Ended War of 1812

13. The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
War of 1812
The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops
Despite increased patriotism, the U.S. was unprepared for war:
Congress refused to raise taxes
The army was small & state militias were inadequate
The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war
The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights
The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe 24

14. Monroe Known as “Era of Good Feelings”
American System- Uniting US through transportation
Western Expansion- Florida and Treaty of 1818
Monroe Doctrine- Europe stay of out the Western Hemisphere and US
will stay out of Europe

15. 1824: MONROE DOCTRINE Most infamous diplomatic stance up to this time
Stated that “Americans should not be subject for future colonization by an European Power and the US would not interfere in European affairs”

16. Missouri Compromise of 1820
Created by Henry Clay of Kentucky
MAINE a free state, MISSOURI a slave state
36 30 parallel drawn. S = SLAVE N = FREE except for Missouri's

18. THE ELECTION OF 1824 The “Jeffersonian” REPUBLICAN party breaking down
Really Republicans v. Republicans
William Crawford = state rights
John Quincy Adams = centralized government
Henry Clay = American System
Andrew Jackson= no stand really but a war hero

19. ELECTION OF 1824
Jackson won the popular vote but no clear winner in the electoral college
Went to the House of Rep. And went to the top three candidates
Ended up between Jackson and Adams
Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to sway the votes in Adams favor who also advocated a strong central government
CORRUPT BARGAIN: Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State = clay bargained away the presidency
RESULT: Jackson starts forming a new political party

20. Jackson Election of 1824- “Corrupt Bargain”
Jackson vs. Quincy Adams
Election of Like our Modern Elections “Common Man vs. Rich”
Spoils System- Helping out political friends with office positions
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Trail of Tears- Force removal of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma
Nullification Crisis- South Carolina threaten to leave Union because of tariff (tax); 30K federal troops to put down the threat

21. Andrew Jackson's Presidency
A. Election of 1828
-Jackson wins easily after forming
the new Democratic Party.
- Jackson identified with the poor, western farmers, and frontiersmen.
-Jackson fired people in the government that opposed him & replaced them with supporters.
(spoils system)
-He used his new power to veto and get revenge on his enemies.

22. Andrew Jackson's Presidency
B. Indian Removal Act of 1830
-Jackson passed this law moving all Indians west of the Mississippi River.
-Many Indians resisted and were removed by force.
-"Trail of Tears"-Cherokee moved from Georgia to Oklahoma, losing 25% of their population

25. Andrew Jackson's Presidency
C. Nullification & the National Bank-"The Monster"-
Jackson believed in the supremacy of the federal government
1. South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union over unfair tariffs that favored northern
merchants but hurt southern planters
2. Jackson threatened South Carolina with force.
3. Jackson disliked the national bank because it represented eastern wealth and aristocracy.
He said it made"the rich richer & the poor poorer."

26. Andrew Jackson's Presidency
4. After the 1832 election, Jackson
let the Bank's charter expire and
the deposits were transferred to
state banks.
5. Results of the Bank War:
-New York became the financial
center for the country.
-Whig Party was formed to oppose "King Andrew"

27. Jackson's Successors 8. Martin Van Buren-1836
After his election, depression set in.
The Panic of 1837 was a result of
Jackson's economic policies.
This probably cost him re-election
9. Election of 1840
-Whigs nominated ex-General
William Henry Harrison (Pres) and John Tyler(VP)
-Harrison won but died one month after taking office.

28. Jackson's Successors 10. John Tyler-
He vetoed many Whig attempts at legislation, including a new National Bank. This caused division in the party.

29. The Jefferson/Jackson Era
*The Jefferson/Jackson era resulted in a more politically active and aware population. Political parties became essential to the political system.*

30. Evolution from Jefferson to Jackson

31. Political QUERY: JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
To what extent was universal white manhood suffrage achieved?
Limited property requirements, but still believed a property requirement was a test of character that a man of initiative should be able to meet
Property requirements for voting had been erased.
Which citizens were considered eligible for (civil service) office holding?
Educated elite should rule, although he proposed education for all to prepare poorer individuals for public office
Believed all men were qualified to hold office. Political positions should be rotated. “Rotation in office” “Spoils System” “Patronage”
How were candidates for president chosen?
Candidates were chosen by caucuses of political leaders
Nominating conventions were introduced. (Note: First by the Anti-Masons)

32. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCARCY
Economic
QUESTIONS
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCARCY
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
In what way did Jackson expand the concept of the “chosen class”?
Saw the yeoman farmer as the “chosen class”
Included in that group the planters, farmers, laborers, and mechanics
How did each man view industrialization?
Originally feared the consequences of industrialization
Jackson accepted industry as essential to the American economy.
How did the Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge decision affect the access to corporate charters prevalent in Jefferson’s time?
Corporate charters were granted to favorites of state legislators and often implied monopoly rights to a business.
Roger Taney, Jackson’s appointee as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, ruled in the Charles River Bridge decision that corporate charters should be available to all who chose to risk starting a business.
What was each man’s attitude toward the Bank of the United States?
Different reasons both disapproved of the Bank
Disagreed with a loose interpretation of the elastic clause
Saw it as a monopoly of the rich. Puts federal $ in state Banks called Pet Banks.

33. Social QUESTIONS JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCARCY JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
What was each man’s attitude toward slavery?
Owned slaves, saw slavery as evil and would be eradicate over time
Owned slaves but seemed little interested in abolition
What was each man’s attitude toward equality for women and Native Americans?
Neither saw them as equal
Supported Indian Removal Act & Trail of Tears.
How did each man view education?
As an educated man himself, believed education was necessary for office-holding and for preparing citizens for participation in a democracy
Had little education and believed education was relatively unimportant
How did each hope to remove obstacles to upward social mobility?
Believed that education and ambition were keys to success; however, he was never able to build support for his proposed system of public education
Opened opportunities for individuals to get corporate charters and thus rise on both the economic and social ladders.