1. Chapter Fourteen Personality in Perspective: Overlap and Integration

2. Psychoanalysis and Evolutionary Psychology
Common features
Primitive force (id, genes)
Irrational, single-minded, self-serving
Mechanism to mediate with reality (ego, cortex)
Permit planfulness and careful decision making; foster survival
Connection to the social world (superego, sensitivity to social influences)
Reflect social influences on survival
Fixation and Mating Strategies
Male and female Oedipal fixation suggest similar behavior as evolutionary theories of mating behavior

3. Psychoanalysis and Self-Regulation
Similarities in behavior function within hierarchies
Id functioning and lower-level control behavior
Spontaneous and responsive to situational cues
Ego functioning and program-level control behavior
Involves pragmatic planning and decision making. Not impulsive. Not principled.
Superego and principle-level control behavior
Can be reflective of moral principles
Represents idealized self

4. Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Process
Similarities between concepts
Repression and preattentive filtering
Ego and executive control processes
Consciousness and attention
Transference and chronic partial activation of schemas
Shared focus on automated (unconscious) processes

5. Social Learning, Cognitive, and Self-Regulation Views
Shared importance of processes creating cognitive representations of the self and the world
Common view that expectancies are determinants of how hard people try to achieve things
See goals or incentives as the structures that underlie behavior

6. Hierarchies of Maslow and Self-Regulation
Higher levels of both hierarchies represent more abstract, subtle, and integrative concepts than do lower levels
When problems arise at lower levels of the hierarchies, they become more demanding (functionally superordinate)
Content of hierarchies are different
Maslow = motives
Self-regulation = actions

7. Self-Actualization and Self-Regulation
Both use the concepts:
Idealized self and actual (real) self
Both monitor incongruity between idealized and actual self

8. Traits and Other Models
Traits are developed early in life
Traits manifest in several other approaches under slightly different labels
Traits may be viewed as:
Biological temperaments
Transformations of sexual drives
Reflections of psychosocial crises
Learned motive qualities
Traits

9. Recurrent Themes Impulse and Restraint Individual vs. Group Needs
A core issue across a broad range of personality theories
Implicates a two-mode system of cognitive processing
Automatic, intuitive, superficial, fast, evolutionarily older
Rational, deliberative, slower, evolutionarily newer
Individual vs. Group Needs
Distinctions between self-interest and communal interests that are important issues across multiple theories

10. Eclecticism Drawing useful elements from multiple theories
Different ideas are useful for different purposes
Not necessarily integrative, but often mutually supportive

11. Which Theory is Best
People will believe those theories which “…are most interesting, those which appeal most urgently to our aesthetic, emotional, and active needs.”
William James