1. Chapter 16
Groundwater

2. Groundwater
Water that fills and moves through pores in rock and sediment
Important part of fresh water

3. Aquifer
Body of rock or sediment where large amounts of water flow or is stored

4. Porosity % of the rock or sediment with open space
Sorting affects porosity

6. Permeability Ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through
Impermeable – water cannot flow
Clay

7. Aquifers
Gravity pulls water down until it reaches an impermeable layer

8. Zones of Aquifers
Saturation – pore space is completely filled with water
Water table – upper layer of zone

9. Aeration – Between surface and water table
3 layers
1. Soil moisture
2. Dry
3. Capillary fringe – attraction of water molecules

10. Water Tables Change

11. Conserving Groundwater
Water moves slowly
Years to replace
Recharge zone – water travels to reach an aquifer
Sensitive to pollution

12. Ordinary Well

13. Ordinary Spring

14. Cone of Depression

15. Artesian Formation Permeable rock between impermeable rock Sloped
No pumping

16. Geysers and Hot Springs16

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24

25. Hard vs Soft Water
Hard – lots of minerals
Soft – low amounts

27. Cavern
Large cave with smaller chambers

29. Stalactites – top
Stalagmites – bottom
Column - connect

30. Sinkholes
Water dissolves rock

33. Karst Topography
Caverns and sinkholes in limestone