1. Europe Faces Revolutions

2. Main Idea and Why it Matters
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe.
Today
The system of nation-states established in Europe during this period continues today.

3. Early 19th century is a “Clash of Philosophies”
Three schools of political thought
Conservative
Usually wealthy property owners and nobility
Argued for protecting the monarchies of Europe
Liberal
Middle class business leaders and merchants
Wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote
Radical
Favor drastic change to extend democracy to all people
Gov’t should practice the ideals of French Revolution

4. Nationalism Develops Emerges in 19th century
Belief that a people’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share common culture and history
Nation-state
Has its own independent gov’t
Defends its territory and way of life
Represents its nation to the rest of world
In 1815, only France, England, and Spain could be called this

5. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greece
1st to win self-rule
The Balkans was a part of Ottoman Empire
Rebelled against Ottoman rule in 1821
Popular support in Europe
1827 British, French, and Russians help Greeks defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino
Battle of Navarino by Ambroise Louis Garnerey

6. 1830’s Uprisings Crushed
Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe were revolting against the conservative gov’ts arranged at the Congress of Vienna
Examples
Italy
Nationalists work to unite the many separate states on peninsula
Many ruled by Austria so troops sent in to restore order there

7. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Ethnic uprisings erupt throughout Europe

8. Radicals Change France
1830, King Charles X tried to return to absolute monarchy
Sparked riots force him to flee to Great Britain
Replaced by Louis- Philippe, who long supported liberal reforms in France
In Combat Before the Hotel de Ville, July 28th, 1830, Victor Schnetz portrays the riots in Paris that forced Charles X to flee to Great Britain

9. Eugene Delacroix
Liberty Guiding the People

10. The Third Republic
1848 Revolution in France – AGAIN as Louis Philippe falls from favor
Paris mob overturned the monarchy and create a republic
Sets off more violence in Paris as different radicals call for different reforms
B/c of bloodshed, French citizens turn away from the radicals

11. Louis Napoleon-NAPOLEON III
December 1848 won presidential election and took title of Emperor Napoleon III
Nephew of Napoleon
Weary of instabilty
Built railroads, encouraged industrialization, public works programs
Unemployment decreased & become prosperous
Napoleon III r

12. A Peasant Leaving His Landlord on Yuriev Day by Sergei Ivanov
Reform in Russia
Unlike France, Russia in the 19th century had not yet entered the modern industrial world
Russian feudal system still existed
It existed in no other country in Europe
Only Russia, Brazil, and portions of the US among Western nations had some form of involuntary servitude
Serfs were bound to the Russian nobles land
Nobles had unlimited power over the serfs
A Peasant Leaving His Landlord on Yuriev Day by Sergei Ivanov

13. Defeat Brings Change
Defeat in the Crimean War showed Russia’s lack of development to the whole world
The serfs forced into the army performed poorly
They lacked industry and a transportation system to supply troops
Czar Alexander II decided to move Russia towards modernization

14. Reform and Reaction
1861 Czar Alexander II ended serfdom despite opposition from the nobility and landlords
NOT REALLY FREE
Peasant communities were given half the land
Had to pay the gov’t back for the land in 49 years
Land usually too small to support them
Also charged interest
Didn’t receive title until all debt was paid
Czar Alexander II r

15. Political and Social Reforms Halted
March 1, 1881, Czar Alexander II was assassinated by a group of revolutionaries (terrorists) known as The People’s Will
The revolutionary movement advocated the overthrow of the czarist gov’t and the election of a new gov’t based on popular representation
Four men and two women were sentenced to death
The assassins threw a bomb first that wounded several Imperial guards. When the tsar stopped his carriage to see the wounded, the assassins threw a second bomb, killing him.

16. Reign of Alexander III AUTOCRATIC RULE
Sought to roll back his father’s reforms
Strengthened the secret police
Increased censorship
Encouraged industrial development to expand Russia’s power
His son, Nicholas II (r ) will discover that autocracy does not survive the pressures of the 20th century!!!
Czar Alexander III r

17. Nationalism in Poland
Polish artist, Jan Matejko, shows a crowd of Polish prisoners awaiting transportation to imprisonment in Siberia, while Russian military officers supervise a blacksmith, who fastens fetters on a woman representing Poland.