1. Carbohydrates

2. CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS, STARCHES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
THEIR MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION IS TO SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS
THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

3. CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (H)
CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H & O
C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO
THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES

4. 3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS eg. GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES SIMPLE SUGARS eg, LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE SUGARS eg. STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN
SUGARS END IN OSE

5. MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE ISOMERS.
ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6
ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.

6. MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use this for energy, which is metabolized during cellular respiration. Our major source is from fruits/plants. Plants produce during photosynthesis.
Glucose is “burned” for energy that the cell can use…. Called Adenosine Triphosphate…. ATP.
NORMAL LEVEL IS mg/100ml.

7. BELOW THIS LEVEL CAN RESULT IN HYPOGLYCEMIA & ABOVE THIS LEVEL CAN RESULT IN DIABETES MELLITUS. DIABETES MELLITUS MEANS “SWEET URINE”
(Skip to slide 62 - Fructose)

8. THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE SUGARS
FRUCTOSE
FRUIT SUGAR
THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE SUGARS

9. GALACTOSE
NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE, ONLY IN MILK
WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE

10. MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR BREWING INDUSTRY
DISACCHARIDES – when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction H+ and OH- are removed and form water
LACTOSE: MILK SUGAR
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
SUCROSE: TABLE SUGAR
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR BREWING INDUSTRY
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

11. POLYSACCHARIDES – three or more monosaccharides
STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN PLANTS
GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS
CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR STRENGTH
ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF GLUCOSE