1. Today’s special Welcome back! New seating chart! Exam results
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Late work policy
Attendance policy for this class
Vocab 16 Thermal E & heat-hw check
Video-Einstein’s Big Idea-take notes

2. Today’s special Vocab 16 Thermal E & heat-hw check
Video-Einstein’s Big Idea-take notes
Paper due next class
Worktime

3. Today’s special Turn in paper on front desk Notes 16.1
HW I due next time

4. Late work
1. Do your work on time to enhance your learning and to contribute to the academic environment of the class
2. If you fail to do #1 you can turn in your work late if you attend a full session of homework club
-Full credit potential if you attend the next hw club
-70% potential if you attend within 1 week
-30% potential if you attend within 2 weeks
-10% max if turned in by the retest date for that unit
MSG turns into 0 at that point

5. Formal academic environment
 Treating pupils with care, fairness and consistency; boosting student-teacher acceptance of diversity; and reducing the emphasis on student competition represent successful methods. It is also important to promote student decision-making, individual and civic responsibility and commitment to the larger school community in order to improve school climate.

6. Work and Heat
In what direction does heat flow spontaneously?
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a temperature difference.
Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects.

7. Temperature
What is the temperature of an object related to?
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object due to their random motions through space.

8. Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point.
On the Celsius scale, the reference points are the freezing and boiling points of water.
On the Kelvin scale, absolute zero is defined as a temperature of 0 kelvins.

9. Thermal Energy
What two variables is thermal energy related to?
Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object.
Thermal energy depends on the mass, temperature, and phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of an object.

10. Thermal Energy
Thermal energy depends on mass and temperature.
The tea is at a higher temperature than the lemonade.
The lemonade has more thermal energy because it has many more particles.

11. Thermal Contraction and Expansion
What causes thermal expansion?
Thermal expansion is an increase in the volume of a material due to a temperature increase.
Thermal expansion occurs when particles of matter move farther apart as temperature increases.

12. Specific Heat
How is a change in temperature related to specific heat?
Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a material by one degree Celsius.
The lower a material’s specific heat, the more its temperature rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass.

13. Specific Heat

14. Specific Heat
In this formula, heat (Q) is in joules, mass (m) is in grams, specific heat (c) is in J/g•°C, and the temperature change (Δt) is in degrees Celsius.

15. Specific Heat
Calculating Specific Heat
An iron skillet has a mass of grams. The specific heat of iron is J/g•°C. How much heat must be absorbed to raise the skillet’s temperature by 95.0°C?

16. Specific Heat
Read and Understand
What information are you given?

17. Specific Heat
Read and Understand
What information are you given?

18. Specific Heat
Plan and Solve
What unknown are you trying to calculate?
What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown?

19. Specific Heat
Plan and Solve
What unknown are you trying to calculate?
What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown?

20. Specific Heat
Plan and Solve
Replace each variable with its known value.

21. Specific Heat
Plan and Solve
Replace each variable with its known value.

22. Specific Heat
Look Back and Check
Is your answer reasonable?

23. Round off the data to give a quick estimate.
Specific Heat
Look Back and Check
Is your answer reasonable?
Round off the data to give a quick estimate.
Q = 500 g × 0.5 J/g•°C × 100°C = 25 kJ
This is close to 21.4 kJ, so the answer is reasonable.

24. Specific Heat
A calorimeter is used to measure specific heat. A sample is heated and placed in the calorimeter. The temperature change is observed.

25. What is the thermal energy of an object?
Assessment Questions
What is the thermal energy of an object?
the total number of atoms or molecules
the total kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
the average mechanical energy of the atoms or molecules

26. What is the thermal energy of an object?
Assessment Questions
What is the thermal energy of an object?
the total number of atoms or molecules
the total kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
the average mechanical energy of the atoms or molecules ANS: B

27. What causes a gas to expand when its temperature is increased?
Assessment Questions
What causes a gas to expand when its temperature is increased?
The number of particles increases as temperature increases.
Each particle expands as its temperature increases, so the total volume increases.
As temperature increases, more electrons leave atoms and move separately.
As gas particles move faster, they overcome some forces of attraction.

28. What causes a gas to expand when its temperature is increased?
Assessment Questions
What causes a gas to expand when its temperature is increased?
The number of particles increases as temperature increases.
Each particle expands as its temperature increases, so the total volume increases.
As temperature increases, more electrons leave atoms and move separately.
As gas particles move faster, they overcome some forces of attraction. ANS: D

29. Assessment Questions
The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 50°C?
83.6 J
83.6 kJ
209 J
209 kJ

30. Assessment Questions
The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 50°C?
83.6 J
83.6 kJ
209 J
209 kJ ANS: D

31. What property of matter can be measured using a calorimeter?
Assessment Questions
What property of matter can be measured using a calorimeter?
temperature
thermal expansion
specific heat
mass

32. What property of matter can be measured using a calorimeter?
Assessment Questions
What property of matter can be measured using a calorimeter?
temperature
thermal expansion
specific heat
mass ANS: C

33. Assessment Questions
Temperature is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another. True False

34. Assessment Questions
Temperature is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another. True False
ANS: F, Heat

35. Today’s special
HW Check; Q & A
Lab: Specific heat
Lab due next time!

36. Today’s special Turn in lab on front table Notes II
HW II due next time

37. Conductors

38. Insulators

39. Conduction, convection, radiation

40. Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is conserved

41. Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics-Entropy

42. Thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics
0 K cannot be reached

43. Assessment Questions
What form of energy transfer requires the motion of particles of a fluid?
conduction
convection
radiation
insulation

44. Assessment Questions
What form of energy transfer requires the motion of particles of a fluid?
conduction
convection
radiation
insulation ANS: B

45. What happens in every case in which energy is added to a system?
Assessment Questions
What happens in every case in which energy is added to a system?
Temperature increases.
Work is done on the system.
All of the energy can be accounted for as work or heat.
An identical amount of energy is removed from the system.

46. What happens in every case in which energy is added to a system?
Assessment Questions
What happens in every case in which energy is added to a system?
Temperature increases.
Work is done on the system.
All of the energy can be accounted for as work or heat.
An identical amount of energy is removed from the system. ANS: C

47. Thermal energy can move from a cooler object to a warmer object when
Assessment Questions
Thermal energy can move from a cooler object to a warmer object when
the warmer object is larger.
the cooler object has more thermal energy.
energy is transferred by radiation.
work is done on the system.

48. Thermal energy can move from a cooler object to a warmer object when
Assessment Questions
Thermal energy can move from a cooler object to a warmer object when
the warmer object is larger.
the cooler object has more thermal energy.
energy is transferred by radiation.
work is done on the system. ANS: D

49. According to the third law of thermodynamics, it is impossible
Assessment Questions
According to the third law of thermodynamics, it is impossible
to cool an object to absolute zero.
transfer thermal energy from a cooler object to a warmer object.
convert energy from one form to another.
account for all of the energy in a system.

50. According to the third law of thermodynamics, it is impossible
Assessment Questions
According to the third law of thermodynamics, it is impossible
to cool an object to absolute zero.
transfer thermal energy from a cooler object to a warmer object.
convert energy from one form to another.
account for all of the energy in a system. ANS: A

51. Assessment Questions
All metals are good thermal insulators. True False

52. Assessment Questions
All metals are good thermal insulators. True False
ANS: F, conductors

53. History of the steam engine

54. Heat Engines
When the valve in a steam engine slides, steam is trapped in the cylinder. The steam expands and cools as it pushes the piston to the left.
Hot steam in
Slide valve
Exhaust steam out
Valve rod
Piston rod
Cylinder
Piston

55. Heat Engines
Most cars have a four-stroke internal combustion engine. This diagram shows only one of the cylinders during each stroke.
Intake valve
Spark plug
Exhaust valve
Air-fuel mixture
Cylinder
Exhaust gases
Piston
Intake stroke
Compression Stroke
Power stroke
Exhaust stroke

56. Heating Systems
Thermostat
Within the pipes of this hot-water heating system, the water circulates in a convection current. In each room, the air moves in a convection current.
Radiator
Exhaust vent
Expansion tank
Boiler
Circulating pump

57. Forced air heating system.
Heating Systems
Forced air heating system.
Hot air rises
Cool air sinks
Supply vent
Return vent
Chimney
Duct
Furnace

58. Cooling Systems
In a window air conditioner, outside air is heated as a fan blows it through the condenser coil.
Condenser coil Vapor cools to liquid as heat is removed.
Warm air out
Cold air out
Compressor
Expansion valve Pressure drops, causing liquid refrigerant to become cold.
Warm air in
Evaporator coil Liquid absorbs heat to become vapor.

59. Assessment Questions
Only about one-third of the energy in gasoline is converted to work in an internal combustion engine. The rest of the chemical energy is
lost as unused mechanical energy.
destroyed by the engine.
converted to potential energy.
discharged as waste heat.

60. Assessment Questions
Only about one-third of the energy in gasoline is converted to work in an internal combustion engine. The rest of the chemical energy is
lost as unused mechanical energy.
destroyed by the engine.
converted to potential energy.
discharged as waste heat. ANS: D

61. How is a room heated by an electric baseboard heating system?
Assessment Questions
How is a room heated by an electric baseboard heating system?
conduction and convection only
conduction and radiation only
convection and radiation only
conduction, convection, and radiation

62. How is a room heated by an electric baseboard heating system?
Assessment Questions
How is a room heated by an electric baseboard heating system?
conduction and convection only
conduction and radiation only
convection and radiation only
conduction, convection, and radiation ANS: C

63. How do air conditioners reverse the normal flow of heat?
Assessment Questions
How do air conditioners reverse the normal flow of heat?
moving cool air from outside to inside the house separating warm atoms from cool atoms vaporizing and condensing a refrigerant blowing the warm air away with a fan

64. How do air conditioners reverse the normal flow of heat?
Assessment Questions
How do air conditioners reverse the normal flow of heat?
moving cool air from outside to inside the house separating warm atoms from cool atoms vaporizing and condensing a refrigerant blowing the warm air away with a fan ANS: C

65. Assessment Questions
Forced air heating systems are often used to heat many buildings from a central location. True False

66. Assessment Questions
Forced air heating systems are often used to heat many buildings from a central location. True False
ANS: F, Steam

67. Today’s special HW check; Q&A Happy Groundhog Day! Practice test
The Cosmos
Test next time!
Feedback on papers

68. Today’s special Turn in Practice Test on front table
Test 16; Answer MC questions in Smart Response
Write sentences for each question and answer essays, then turn in test on front desk
Work quietly on Vocab 20 and read chapter quietly until all have finished