1. Vocabulary Lesson 1

2. 1. Gall – n. Shameless boldness; nerve.

3. 2. Parry – to deflect or evade a blow, especially in swordfighting

4. 3. Cogitate – v. To think deeply

5. 4. Transpire – v. To happen; to take place.

6. 5. Ruffian – n. A brutal, lawless person

7. 6. Licentious – adj. Morally unrestrained.

8. 7. Numismatist – n. Coin collector

9. 8. Paucity – n. A scarcity; a lack

10. 9. Fatalistic – adj. Believing that all events in life are inevitable and determined by fate.

11. 10. Obtrude – v. To force oneself into a situation uninvited

12. 11. Pensive – adj. Dreamily thoughtful

13. 12. Lackadaisical – adj. Uninterested; listless.

14. Alienate – v. To turn away feelings or affection.1

15. 14. Elated – adj. In high spirits; exultantly proud and joyful.

16. 15. Epigram – n. A witty saying expressing a single thought or observation.