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Published byΝεοπτόλημος Αβραμίδης Modified over 6 years ago
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THE LATIN VERB The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information: - I-form of Present tense - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present and also the Imperfect and Future are formed) - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed) - Perfect Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)
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EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES
amō -āre -āvī -ātum love moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn videō -ēre vīdī vīsum see vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear, listen capiō -ere cēpī captum capture Notice that to save space, some dictionaries do not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.
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PRESENT TENSE The endings in nearly all verbs are:
ō/m (I) s (you –singular) t (he/she/it) mus (we) tis (you –plural) nt (they) The endings are normally linked to the verb by the signature vowel for each conjugation
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These endings survive in modern Italian, but with changes
The Italian endings are: o i a or e iamo ate or ete or ite ono
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō amās
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō amās amat
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō amās amat amāmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō amās amat amāmus amātis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō monēs
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō monēs monet
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō monēs monet monēmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis monent
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō regis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō regis regit
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō regis regit regimus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō regis regit regimus regitis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere
regō regis regit regimus regitis regunt
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō audīs
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō audīs audit
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō audīs audit audīmus
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis
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Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre
audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis audiunt
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō capis
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō capis capit
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō capis capit capimus
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō capis capit capimus capitis
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Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere
capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum es
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum es est
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum es est sumus
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum es est sumus estis
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PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be)
sum es est sumus estis sunt
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Imperfect Tense Verbs in – āre:
ābam - ābās –ābat –ābāmus - ābātis -ābant Verbs in – ēre and most verbs in – ere: -ēbam - ēbās –ēbat –ēbāmus - ēbātis - ēbant Verbs with –iō ending for I-form in Present (including all with infinitive in –īre and a few with infinitive in –ere) -iēbam - iēbās –iēbat –iēbāmus - iēbātis - iēbant The verb esse has the forms eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam amābās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam amābās amābat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam amābās amābat amābāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre
monēbam monēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre
monēbam monēbās monēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre
monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre
monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre
monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis monēbant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam regēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam regēbās regēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis regēbant
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam capiēbās
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis
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Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō
capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram erās
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram erās erat
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram erās erat erāmus
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram erās erat erāmus erātis
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Imperfect Tense – the verb esse
eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant
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Future Tense Verbs in – āre and – ēre use signature vowel plus `b’:
ā/ēbō - ā/ēbis –ā/ēbit –ā/ēbimus - ā/ēbitis -ā/ēbunt Verbs in –ere and -īre add different endings. If they have the ending `-io’ in the present tense (as in the 4th and `3.5th’ group) there is an `i’ before each future ending) -(i)am - (i)ēs –(i)et –(i)ēmus - (i)ētis - (i)ent The verb esse has the forms erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō amābis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō amābis amābit
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō amābis amābit amābimus
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre
amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō monēbis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō monēbis monēbit
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis
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Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre
monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis monēbunt
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam regēs
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam regēs reget
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam regēs reget regēmus
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam regēs reget regēmus regētis
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Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere
regam regēs reget regēmus regētis regent
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam capiēs
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam capiēs capiet
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis
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Future Tense - verbs in –iō
capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient
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Future Tense – the verb esse
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Future Tense – the verb esse
eris
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Future Tense – the verb esse
eris erit
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Future Tense – the verb esse
eris erit erimus
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Future Tense – the verb esse
eris erit erimus eritis
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Future Tense – the verb esse
eris erit erimus eritis erunt
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PERFECT TENSE Formed by the perfect base (seen in the second part of the verb in a dictionary) and the endings: -ī -imus -istī -istis -it -ērunt
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī amāvistī
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī amāvistī amāvit
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis
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PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love
amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis amāvērunt
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī monuistī
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī monuistī monuit
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī monuistī monuit monuimus
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis
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PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis monuērunt
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcistī
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcistī vīcit
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcistī vīcit vīcimus
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis
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PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis vīcērunt
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī audīvistī
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī audīvistī audīvit
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis
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PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis audīvērunt
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuistī
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuistī fuit
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuistī fuit fuimus
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis
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PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis fuērunt
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis
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PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis amāverant
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monueram
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -ītum warn
monueram monuerās
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monueram monuerās monuerat
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis
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PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis monuerant
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram vīcerās
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram vīcerās vīcerat
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis
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PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis vīcerant
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram audīverās
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram audīverās audīverat
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis
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PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis audīverant
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram fuerās
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram fuerās fuerat
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis
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PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis fuerant
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amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō
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amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris
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amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit
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amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus
FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis
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FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint
amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis amāverint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō monueris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō monueris monuerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis
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FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn
monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō vīceris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō vīceris vīcerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer
vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō audīveris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō audīveris audīverit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis
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FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear
audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis audīverint
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō fueris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō fueris fuerit
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō fufuerit fuerimus fueritis eris
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FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be
fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint
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IMPERATIVE The imperative of the verb is used for giving instructions.
The singular is formed by removing the final -re from the infinitive: amāre > amā tenēre > tenē regere > rege audīre > audī The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular but in the 3rd conjugation the -e at the end of the singular changes to -i before the plural ending: amā > amāte tenē > tenēte rege > regite audī > audīte Three common verbs in the 3rd. conjugation drop the final –e in the singular but have the normal plural ending: dūcere > dūc > dūcite dīcere > dīc > dīcite facere > fac > facite
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre INFINITIVE
SINGULAR IMPERATIVE PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā INFINITIVE
SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite capite
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IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege
INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite capite audīte
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular Plural
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc Plural
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc Plural
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite dūcite
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IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR
Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite dūcite facite
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