1. Warm-Up – 23.Sept.2014
You have 4 minutes after the tardy bell to complete the warm- up. You have 2 minutes after that to check your. Questions based on Monday’s notes.
Answers
England & France; France
Civil War (b/w Houses of York & Lancaster)
- Killed over 1/3 of the population
- Anti-Semitism & ppl. start to question the church
- Beginning of the end of the manorial system
Questions
The Hundred Years War was between ___ & ___. Who won?
The War of Roses was what type of war?
How did the Plague effect Europe? (3 reasons)

2. ROLE OF THE CHURCH

4. System of Organization
Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman Empire
Spread to other parts of Europe
Christianity appealed to many during the medieval times since many people’s lives were filled with suffering and hardship and Christianity offered them the promise of a happy afterlife
The Church developed a system of organization
Priest was the head of a local community called a parish
Bishop – in charge of a group of parishes, area of authority called a bishopric or dioceses
Archbishop – watches over a group of bishoprics
The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic Church – formerly the Bishop of Rome

5. Monk – a man who separates himself from everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God, lives in a monastery run by an abbot
Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor, took a vow of poverty
Monks worked to spread Christianity throughout Europe
Called missionaries = people sent out to carry a religious message
Women who dedicated themselves to God were called nuns and lived in convents

6. Pope Innocent III strengthened papal power and believed that the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs
Used the interdict to exercise his powers
An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments (Christian rites) to a particular group of people
A pope used an interdict against a country whose ruler has disobeyed him
People under interdiction lost the comforts and blessings of religion
They exerted pressure on their ruler to follow the pope’s wishes
Could also excommunicate people = to cast out of the Church

7. Heresy and The Inquisition
Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church
People who committed heresy were called heretics and were usually burned at the stake
The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics
Used torture and heretics who converted to Catholicism were freed, while others were killed
The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still operating in the 1800s
The two groups it went after most were Jews & Muslims
Decline of Church Power
Over time Popes became corrupt and used their position for wealth and power
The Great Schism divided Europe religiously and damaged the reputation of the Church
This was when there were two popes, both claiming power

9. The Crusades
From the 11th to 13th centuries, European Christians went on the Crusades
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims who were known as infidels (non-believers)
The goal of each Crusade was to take Jerusalem and the surrounding area away from the Muslims
Many Christians believed that Jesus would only come again once Christians held Jerusalem
The Muslims also considered Jerusalem holy
The First Crusade started when Muslim Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire

10. The Byzantine Emperor asked for help and Pope Urban II responded by urging Christians to take up arms in a holy war (1095)
Slogan: “God wills it!”
Two groups set out for the Crusade
Peasant Crusaders – slaughtered entire Jewish communities on the way to Jerusalem
Most died quickly when they did reach the Holy Land
Trained knights – even they were still unprepared for the hardship
Three years after heading out, the Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem
Captured Jerusalem & killed most of its inhabitants

11. Set up four Latin Crusader states that were surrounded by Muslims and were intended to be strongholds against future Muslim aggression
Second Crusade
A few years later the Muslims began to recapture lands
The Second Crusade is organized after one of the Latin Crusader states falls to the Muslims
It was a complete failure – took no lands from Muslims

12. Third Crusade
A new leader emerges among the Muslims – Salah ad-Din, whom the Europeans call Saladin
His goal was to recapture the Holy Land
In 1187 he captured Jerusalem
Due to this, the Third Crusade is launched and several monarchs set out for the Holy Land
Only Richard made it to and fought in the Holy Land
King Richard and Saladin fought fiercely against each other and although Richard won several battles, he was not able to take Jerusalem
Richard instead negotiates an agreement with Saladin for Christian pilgrims to be allowed to go into Jerusalem and he returns home

14. Children’s Crusade
Nicholas of Cologne brings thousands of children to the pope, saying that God has inspired him to lead the children to the Holy Land
The pope sends them home
At the same time, seven ships carrying 20,000 French children sails for the Holy Land
Two ships sink and the other five ships reach North Africa, where the rest of the children were sold into slavery

16. Effects of the Crusades
There were nine Crusades launched from 1096 to 1291 – the First Crusade was the only successful one
The Crusades increased trade and some Italian cities benefited economically
Lots of money and manpower spent on the Crusades
Led to the deaths of many knights and nobles
Kings gained power as they took over unoccupied lands
Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
Began to view all non-Christians as enemies
Undertaking holy wars against Muslims while the “murderers of Christ” ran free at home
Massacres of Jews became a feature of medieval European life, anti-Semitism increases
Anti-Semitism = hostility towards Jews
Breeds centuries of mistrust between Christians & Muslims

18. Crusade Reason For People Involved Result First Second Third Fourth Children’s

19. Revival and Growth of Trade
After the Crusades trade began to grow
Most of the early trading cities were found in Italy, with Venice being the most important
Other Italian cities, wanting to get wealthy, created their own trade routes
Trade in the north was dominated by the Hanseatic League
Group of northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade
Trade encouraged people to use money again
Before, workers had been paid with goods
This led to some merchants allowing their customers to buy goods on credit
Credit = the promise of later payment
This also led to the creation of Europe’s first banks

20. Medieval Trade

22. In the 12th century, craftspeople organized into business associations called guilds that played a leading role in urban economics
The primary functions of a guild was to restrict competition
Craft guilds set quality standards, specified methods of production, fixed the price of the finished product, and determined who could enter the guild
A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice to a master craftsperson around the age of 8
They received room and board, but no pay
After 5 to 7 years, apprentices became a journeyman who worked for pay for other masters
To become a master, they had to produce a masterpiece which the guild would judge