1. Middle east/north africa review

3. MESOPOTAMIA TERMS Steps to Civilization Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia
Sumer
Cuneiform
Epic of Gilgamesh
Akkadians
Babylonians
Assyrians
Hammurabi
Code of Hammurabi

4. Steps to civilization Hunting and Gathering/Nomadic Life Domestication
Food surplus
Division of Labor and Specialization
The Rise of Cities

5. Fertile Crescent
Where the first civilizations appear around 3500 BC Region in present day Iraq, Turkey and Egypt associated with the Nile River, Tigris River and Euphrates River

6. Mesopotamia
Greek for “Between two rivers” Area between the Tigris and Euphrates River Where our first ancient civilizations develop

7. Sumer
Earliest civilization in Mesopotamia Located between the Tigris and Euphrates River

8. Cuneiform
Earliest form of writing Consists of several hundred characters Wedge shaped Created by the Sumerians

9. Epic of Gilgamesh
A 3000 line poem that follows the adventures of a Sumerian King as he goes on adventures, seeking after eternal life Similar story to Noah and the Arc

10. AKKADIANS
Unites the groups in the Middle East together under one rule- new Empire called the “Akkadians” When the Empire breaks up it splits into the Babylonian Empire and the Assyrian Empire

11. Babylonians
Formed from the break up of the Akkadian Empire Competed with the Assyrians for control of the Middle East Formed by Hammurabi when he united city states under one rule

12. Assyrians
Formed from the former Akkadian Empire At their peak they controlled most of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt Competed with the Babylonian Empire for power

13. hAMMURABI
Ruled the Babylonian Empire from 1792BC-1750BC Takes over most of the region in Mesopotamia Tries to give his subjects a good life

14. Code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi wrote a series of laws for the Babylonian Empire Established rules for Babylon and set for clear punishments

15. Terrorism Terms Terrorism Terrorism as a tactic 9/11
Islam and Terrorism
Malala Yousafzai

16. Terrorism
Terrorism=the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political goals Terrorism has a political agenda

17. Terrorism as a tactic
Extremist groups often use terrorism as a tact to incite fear into a group of people. Groups also use terrorism to make their cause seem bigger than it actually is

18. 9/11
September 11, 2001 Al-Qaeda, a terrorist group originating in the Middle East, attacks the United States Led by Osama Bin Ladin

19. Islam and terrorism
Islam DOES NOT promote terrorism A majority of Muslims DO NOT support terrorism The Quran teaches Muslims to be peaceful Extremist groups have used terrorism as a tactic Terrorism is used all over the world

20. Malala yousafzai
Shot by the Taliban (a terrorist group originating in the Middle East) because she was advocating for girls’ rights to go to school

21. Geography of the Middle East Terms
Arabic
Oil
OPEC

22. tHE middle east
Region in Southwest Asia Crossroads of three continents Europe Asia Africa People share a common language, history and religion

23. arabic
Language spoken throughout most of the Middle East Quran is written in this language

24. Oil
Oil is the most important natural resource in the Middle East Saudi Arabia is the world’s leading EXPORTER of oil

25. Opec
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC is a political alliance of countries that tries to control the market for oil. They control the market by determining how much oil their countries will produce Oppose the United States

26. Monotheistic Religions
Monotheism
Polytheism
Judaism
Abraham
Moses
Solomon
Isaac
Ishmael
Torah
Synagogue
Hanukkah
Bar mitzvah
Passover
Christianity
Jesus Christ
Mary
Paul
The Trinity
Palm Sunday
Islam
Muhammad
Five Pillars of Islam
The Hajj
Kaaba
Mecca
Sunni Muslims
Shiite Muslims
Mosque

27. Monotheism
Belief in only ONE God

28. POLYTHEISM
Belief in MULTIPLE Gods

29. Judaism
Oldest Monotheistic Religion Founded by Abraham Dates back to 1900 BC

30. aBRAHAM
Prophet for all three monotheistic religions Founder of Judaism Almost sacrificed his son, Isaac, to God Preached that there was only one God Has two important sons: Isaac and Ishmael

31. moses
Rescues the Jews from the Egyptians and takes them back to Canaan (Israel) “Let my People Go!” Parts the Red Sea 10 Commandments Prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

32. solomon
Jewish king who builds the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem

33. isaac
Son of Abraham and Sarah who is almost sacrificed to God Jews descend from his line

34. Ishmael
Son of Abraham and Hagar Muslims descend from his line

35. Torah
Sacred text for the Jews Includes the first five books of Moses (Old Testament) Written in Hebrew

36. Synagogue
Place of worship for Jews Jews worship here on SATURDAYS

37. Hanukah
8 Day Jewish celebration that commemorates the rededication of the temple in Jerusalem

38. Bar mitzvah
Jewish holiday that celebrates when a Jewish boy becomes a man (age 13)

39. PASSOVER
Jewish holiday that celebrates when the Jews were freed from the Egyptians by Moses Refers to the final plague where the angel of death came through and killed the first born son of all families that did not have lambs blood on their door

40. Christianity
Founded in the first century AD with the birth of JESUS CHRIST A majority of the doctrine is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ Believe that Jesus Christ was a Messiah

41. Jesus christ
Born in the first century AD Founder of Christianity Christians believe he is a Messiah Prophet in Islam

42. mary
The Mother of Jesus Christ CHRISTIANS and MUSLIMS believe that she had a virgin birth Born a Jew

43. paul
One of the 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ who spread Christianity to Rome after Jesus’ crucifixion

44. The trinity
Christian belief in God, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit Beliefs about the trinity differ between different Christian groups

45. Palm sunday
Christian Holiday Celebrated on the Sunday before Easter Celebrates Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem

46. ISLAM
Monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in 610 AD

47. Muhammad
Founder of Islam Believed to be the last prophet sent by God His writings and lessons were written down in the Quran

48. Five pillars of islam Main beliefs of Islam
There is only one God and Muhammad is his prophet
Fasting (Ramadan)
Prayer
Alms (donations to church)
The Hajj

49. The hajj
Last of the five pillars of Islam Pilgrimage to Mecca Muslims trace the footsteps of Muhammad in a series of rituals

50. kaaba
Black box that Muslims circle seven times during the Hajj Represents God and is one of the most sacred sites in Islam

51. mecca
City in Saudi Arabia where the Prophet Muhammad lived One of the most sacred sites in Islam Millions of Muslims come here every year during the Hajj

52. Sunni muslims
Believe that the next leaders in Islam should be “the best person for the job” Majority of Muslims

53. Shia muslims
Believe that the next leaders in Islam should be blood relatives or descendants of Muhammad Minority of Muslims

54. mosque
A place of worship for Muslims

55. Geography Nile It would flood seasonally.
Brought fertile soil. (Gift of the Nile)
Desert

56. Pharaoh = Ruler of Egypt

57. Egyptian Gods
Ra- Sun God – supreme ruler of all the gods Anubis – God of Embalming and of the dead Horus – God of the sky. (Pharaoh was thought to be the living version of Horus and representative to the Gods.)

58. The After Life 1- Your name had to be written down
Requirements:
1- Your name had to be written down
2- You had to pass the weighing of the heart
3- You had to have a preserved body

59. Contributions Architecture: Pyramids: Tombs for the Pharaohs Geometry
Papyrus
First form of paper