1. Vaccines and Opportunistic Infections
EQ: How does your body react to vaccines and opportunistic infections?
Vocabulary: antiseptics, antibiotics, antibiotics resistance, vaccines, opportunistic infections, HIV, AIDS

2. Many methods are used to control pathogens.

3. Antiseptics kill pathogens outside of the body.
do not target specific pathogens
examples include vinegar and soap
Can be bacteriacidal or bacteriastatic
Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body.
target one specific bacterium or fungus
Usually made from bacteria, fungus
Destroy/inhibit formation of cell wall
not effective against viruses (because viruses do not have cell wall)
examples: penicillin (from fungi)

4. Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective.
Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics.
These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless.
A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation.
Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.

5. Check for Understanding
1. Explain why the same medicine does not work against the same bacterial infection the next time you are infected?

6. Check for Understanding
2. When you have a flu and the doctor gives you medicine, explain what the antibiotics are for?

7. Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.
Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.
given to prevent illness
contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

8. HIV and AIDS Opportunistic infections.
occur because white blood cells cannot fight infections
if immune system were healthy, would fight these infections

9. Leukemia is characterized by abnormal white blood cells.
Leukemia is cancer of the bone marrow.
characterized by immature white blood cells
causes weakened immune system

10. HIV targets the immune system.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus.
attacks and weakens the immune system
is transmitted by mixing infected blood with a bodily fluid, sexual intercourse, mothers to child, and needles.

11. HIV infection leads to AIDS.
T cell
dead T cell
antibody
activated B cell
HIV reproduces in and destroys T cells.
The body cannot replace T cells fast enough.
T cells cannot help in immune responses.

12. AIDS is acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
several opportunistic infections
very low amount of T cells