1. Community RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
(DCE3411)
Associate Prof. Dr. Roziah Mohd Rasdi
Dept. of Professional Development & Continuing Education
Faculty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia

2. Community Development
Topic 5
Participation in
Community Development

3. Rationale for Participation in Development
Emerged internationally when UN announced that
1961 – 1970 as first development decade
1971 – 1980 as second development decade

4. Because participation became one of the ingredients in development, to complement the approaches before 1960 which had been too economic oriented.
WHY?

5. Other characteristics of development before the 60s were:
Top-down planning of development
No two-way communication between people and government
Unidirectional of development
Bottom up approach of development is necessary. This suggests the need for people participation.

6. Another two concepts emerged with participation:
Process to activate the use of human resources (before they were considered passive)
Mobilization
Government or authority participates in the planning of program with the agreement of people.
Intervention

7. Characteristics of community participation:
Volunteer contribution
Involvement of community in decision making, implementation, evaluation and sharing the benefits of development.
Exercising the rights of community in problem identification and problem solving
An effort to unite people in order to control the utilization of physical and human resources.
An effort to operationalise democracy in development
Empowering the community

8. Definition of Participation by ILO (1984)
Mass sharing in decision-making
Mass sharing in implementation
Mass sharing of the benefits of development

9. Definition of Participation, by ILO (1985):
Initiative of community and development planners in the process of decision-making, implementation of program, evaluation and sharing the benefits of development

10. Definition by Castillo (1986)
Membership in community organization
Contribution of personal labor, materials and monetary assistance to infrastructural, health and sanitation projects, etc.
Patronage of agency
Attendance at community assemblies – meeting, courses, workshops, dialogue
Cognitive participation – being the recipients of information about community activities.

11. Factors Contributing to Community Participation:
Benefits expected to receive from participation – material gains and non-material gains
Availability of organization
vehicle for participation
organization provides leadership
CD programs are planned and implemented
organization provides structured rules, procedures and administration
used in channelling the resources

12. When life is being in danger
People will react in a group when life is being threatened.
E.g.: Due to flood, dengue fever, community work is easy to mobilize.
Feeling of responsibility
Related to altruism or unselfishness or concern for others
This is a social value of wanting to participate
E.g.: Involvement of parent in PTA

13. Knowledge about program
Knowledge about any program related to the level of living of community e.g. Education
E.g.: Community was united to go against the Mega Project of Bakun Dam in Sarawak because they know the negative impact of the project. This was facilitated by the campaign done by NGOs.

14. Actors in Participation
Actors are those who participate in CD
Actors are many, involving many people  popular participation or people participation
Who are the actors, depending on the type of programs.

15. E.g.: Program Healthy Lifestyle for Expecting Mothers
Target group
(Mothers who are expecting babies), including family members such as husbands
Hospital personnel such as doctors, specialists, nurses and support staff.
District clinics and the staff

16. Researchers (IMR, University)
Personnel from the Ministry of Health
Donor agency (if any) at international level
e.g. WHO
Community leaders such as VDSC (JKKK)

17. THE PRACTICE OF PARTICIPATION
Some operational issues

18. Must know the context of participation
Context is local environment, that is the social, cultural, political and economic characteristics of the community
Specifically – the institutional arrangements supporting the activities
the general understanding of the program
The previous experience
Availability of resources

19. Preparation
People begin to learn how to participate and work with social institution
Interaction, dialogue and meeting between community and institutions are necessary
Participation increases community empowerment

20. Project structure The existing local social institutions
Types of leadership
Any local conflict, or political tension

21. Objectives of the project
What to achieve
Objective is jointly formulated and understood by community – feasible and responsible to felt needs

22. Implementation
The mode of implementation is normally unique to each project
Requires 2-way communication between community and the organizer
Participation occurs through collective action

23. Participation must be representative of the different segments in the community
Budget allocation must be clear according to activities

24. Resistance or conflict
Accordance or resistance are among the responses from the community
Community should be prepared as active recipients
It is the responsibility of CD workers to reduce resistance / conflict, by first educating the community about the advantages of the project

25. Training Training is needed for capacity building at the local level
Training is for local leaders and community members

26. Monitoring
Monitoring is needed to ensure principles of CD are being practiced
Participation facilitates the process of learning

27. Impact Assessment Measurement of the outcome felt by the community
Outcome is in the form of behavioural and institutional changes within the community

28. Thank You