1. CHAPTER ONE SEMESTER REVIEW
Emily F, Nick C, Nicole L, Hannah A
Period 4

2. Q1: What is cartography? Cartography is the science of making maps.
Maps serve two purposes: a tool for storing reference material and for communicating geographic information. The earliest surviving maps were drawn by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 BC, but mapmaking is undoubtedly even older.

3. Q2: Important Considerations of Cartographers
The most important considerations off cartographers, the 2 most important things to consider, are the map sale and projection.
Thee map scale refers to the relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on Earth. Projection is the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map. Two big projections are the Mercator projection and the Robinson projection. Over time cartographers have fixed their mistakes and have learned more.

4. Q3: GPS, GIS, and Remote Sensing

5. GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth.
24 satellites were placed in predetermined orbits by the U.S. military. These satellites are controlled and monitored by tracking stations. A GPS receiver can locate at least 4 satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to pinpoint its own location.
A GPS can be used to find the precise location of a moving vehicle and offer directions. Cell phones equipped with GPS can allow you to share your location with others.

6. GIS
GIS ( Global Information System) is a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
The position of any object on Earth can be measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a computer. A map can be created by asking the computer to retrieve stored information and use it to form an image. Each type of information can be stored in a layer. Layers can be compared to show relationships among different kinds of information. “Mashup” refers to the practice of overlaying data.
Maps showing where cancer rates are relatively high can be combined with layers showing the location of people with various incomes and ethnicities, the location of different types of factories, and the location of mountains and valleys.

7. Remote Sensing
GPS is the acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods.
At any moment a satellite sensor records the image of a tiny area, called a pixel. Scanners are detecting the radiation being reflected from that tiny area. A map created by remote sensing is essentially a grid that contains many rows of pixels.
Geographers use remote sensing to map the changing distribution of a wide variety of features, such as agriculture, drought, and urban sprawl.

8. Q4: Toponyms
A toponym is a place name given to a specific region or location. It can be influenced by culture, religion and geography, among other factors.
An example of a toponym is the City of Houston, named for the historic individual, Sam Houston, which is located in Southeastern in Houston.
South Africa is named for its geographic location relative to the rest of the continent of Africa

9. Q5: The components of the Global Grid
The global grid is globally interconnected and able to collect, process, store, and manage information. It includes computing systems, software, data, and security services.
The internet is a prime example of a component of the global grid, as it is can be used for a variety of purposes, including (but not limited to): shopping, entertainment, education, discussion and publishing.

10. Q6: The Relationship Between Time and Longitude
longitude dictates the 24 different time zones that circle the world. However, there are 15 main time zones. There are 15°per time zone, and each time zone is one hour in difference from the time zone found to the east.

11. Q7: The Relationship Between Latitude and Climate
Latitude dictates the climate. Typically, 23.5°S to 23.5°N is the tropics. 23.5°N to 66.5°N and 23.5°S to 66.5°S make the temperature zones, which means there are all four seasons. 66.5°N to the North Pole is the Arctic. 66.5°S to the South Pole is the Antarctic.

12. Q8: TYPES OF REGIONS
Emily Fernald

13. Formal (Uniform) Regions
•Definition: an area where everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
•Explanation: some formal regions share a characteristic with equal intensity, while in others the characteristic is predominant, not universal. The shared feature could be cultural, like a common language; economic, like the production of a particular crop; or physical, like climate.
•Example: Montana is an example of a formal region, characterized with equal intensity throughout the state by a government that passes laws, collects taxes, and issues license plates. The U.S. Gulf Coast is another example, due to its shared climate and economic activities.
Emily Fernald

14. Functional (Nodal) Regions
•Definition: area organized around a node or focal point.
•Explanation: The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. The region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.
•Example: The reception area of a radio station is an example of a functional region. The station’s signal is strongest at the center of its service area and the signal gets weaker as you increase your distance from the center. Similarly, a department store attracts fewer customers from longer distances – as these customers will choose to shop elsewhere.
Radio Stations in the U.S.
Emily Fernald

15. Perceptual (Vernacular) Regions
•Definition: an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity.
•Explanation: Vernacular regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from geographic models. A useful way to identify a perceptual region is to have someone draw a mental map – an internal representation of Earth’s surface. A mental map depicts what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located.
•Example: Americans refer to the South as a place with environmental, cultural, and economic features perceived to be quite distinctive from the rest of the U.S. However, what one perceives to the South may be different from someone else’s perception of the South.
Emily Fernald

16. Q9: How people sort themselves out across space
People sort themselves out across space based on where others of their same ethnicity are located.
When people live in ethnic groups, they create small areas that preserve the culture of their homeland. Ethnic neighborhoods and chain migration are examples of this. In chain migration, people migrate to a specific location because members of the same nationality had previously migrated there.
For example, immigrants from China would immigrate to New York and California and settle in the same area as others of the same ethnicity, creating Chinatowns.
Emily Fernald

17. Q10: Site
Definition: the physical characteristics of a location (for example, climate, water bodies, topography, soil, vegetation, or elevation)
Explanation: site is made up of two important categories: man-made and natural. Site is important in identifying where in the world a specific city or town could belong by using its physical traits to determine whether a place is located near the
Example: Downtown Houston’s site is an urban city with very little natural vegetation. Houston is landlocked, and is on a relatively flat expanse of land. Therefore, Houston is mostly a commercial city that hosts the business side of many corporate operations
Emily Fernald

18. Situation (Q10 Con’t)
Definition: the location of a place relative to other, surrounding places
Explanation: situation can be used to find unfamiliar places by identifying specific “landmarks” along a set path. Situation is also commonly used to give directions to people, because the average person is more likely to know where a Target store is than where a specific street leads.
Example: to find Clear Springs High School, a person could say that it’s just north of Creekside, on Palomino Lane, in-between Bay Area and 45
Emily Fernald

19. Spatial distribution ▪Arrangement of phenomena across Earth’s surface
In an area 6 out of 10 people are diagnosed with Ebola
There are 6 people that die in texas every year

20. density ▪Density is the the amount of things within a certain space
If there are 20 houses in an acre than 10 houses in an acre, then the first acre has a higher density
Area A has 6 houses in a 1000 meter area, Area B has 12 houses in a 1000 metre area, therefor Area B has a higher density

21. Concentration Concentration is how clustered things are in a space
In an 20 ft area there is 5 balls dispersed out, but in a different 20 ft area There are 5 balls right next to each other. so the second area has a higher concentration.
In Area A there are 6 houses in a 1000 meter area dispersed out, and in a different area that is the same size, but more clustered, than area B has a higher concentration

22. Pattern The arrangement of things in an area
9 jellybeans are placed in a +, this is a pattern
In an area there are 6 balls in a zigzag pattern

23. Environmental Determinism
Environmental Determinism- The theory that the physical environment sets limits on human actions
People in the rocky mountains cannot grow wheat because of the soil
People in area A cannot grow grass because the soil is made of rocks

24. Possibilism
Possibilism - The theory that humans can overcome the limitations set by the physical environment.
People in Africa grow rice instead of wheat because the environment cannot support wheat
In area A people cannot grow wheat, but to overcome it people grew Yaupon instead
(Couldn’t find relevant picture)

25. Works Cited http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/za.htm
Climate+Latitude