1. Echinococcus multilocularis

2. Life Cycle of Echinococcus multilocularis
1. Adult tapeworm occurs in intestine of foxes.
Dogs, cats, and coyotes can also serve as definitive hosts.
Adult is small mm long

3. Echinococcus multilocularis
Alveolar hydatid cyst in a mouse - cyst metastasizes from the liver to fill the body cavity

4. Alveolar Hydatid Cyst

5. Echinococcus multilocularis
Liver
Cyst multilocular hydatid
External budding
Extend processes throughout tissues
Cirrhosis of liver
Thinner membrane
Metastasis
Advanced cases

6. Echinococcus multilocularis
Not easily operable
timing
Chemotherapy
Praziquantel can increase growth
Mebendazole and albendazole given throughout the life of the patient.
retards growth
Not easily treatable

7. Echinococcus multilocularis
Fox tapeworm
Europe, Asia, Americas, New Zealand

8. Echinococcus multilocularis
This species has recently been reported in the upper Midwest (North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, southern Wisconsin, and Indiana). Recently identified in Illinois, Ohio and Missouri.

10. Epidemiology Increasing in Europe
Up to 1980’s only in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria
Spreading throughout Europe.

11. Epidemiology Increase in fox infection Increase in human infection
Still rare
Switzerland and Germany
Antirabies vaccines
Increased fox abundance
Movement of foxes
Encroachment on urban areas
Contact with domestic dogs

13. Hymenolepis

14. Hymenolepis Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepis nana Rare in humans 90 cm
Model tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
“Dwarf tapeworm” 40 mm long
Common in humans
97.3% children in Moscow
1% children in SE US
Cysticercoid

15. Hymenolepis nana D A 1 B 2 3 4 C

16. Pathogenesis and Treatment
Similar to Adult species of Taenia
Praziquantel

17. Dipylidium caninum

18. Dipylidium caninum Most common tapeworm of dogs Cats, humans
2 sets of reproductive organs

19. Gravid proglottids shed
Dog eats flea
Infective stage?

21. Diagnostics

22. Pathogenesis and Treatment
Similar to Adult species of Taenia
Praziquantel

23. Test II
Toxoplasma, Trematodes and Cestodes