1. BUS 100 Lecture 3: The Harvard Reference System

2. c.cn/hhu

3. Purpose of this Lecture
To review referencing techniques
Paraphrasing
Quotations
To introduce and learn the Harvard Referencing System
To show how to recognize and avoid plagiarism

4. Referencing

5. Why? Recognize the work of other writers.
Show that you did a lot of work researching your report
Enable the reader to find your sources easily
Give lots of evidence

6. Why?
Because of copyright law (it is illegal to use other ideas without giving credit)
- Because it shows us which ideas are your own for which you should get credit

7. How?
Many referencing systems exist.
Which should we use?

8. Harvard Referencing System

9. Why use this system? It is the clearest system for the reader
It is the easiest system to use for the writer
It is Universal (many people use it)

10. Harvard Referencing System
This System has two parts:
1. In Text References
2. Bibliography

11. Harvard Referencing System
MUST HAVE BOTH PARTS!
Only “in text” or only Bibliography is not enough
They work together!

12. In Text References
These go in the main body of the text to show the source of your information
Use in-text references whenever you mention something written by someone else, or when you include someone else’s ideas

13. In Text References
Write the last name of the author and the date of publication, in brackets e.g. (Greaves, 2004)
Use letters after the date to distinguish between books by the same author published in the same year (Greaves, 2004a)

14. In Text References 1. Paraphrasing 2. Using the author’s name
3 Different cases
1. Paraphrasing
2. Using the author’s name
3. Direct Quotations

15. In Text References
Quotations: when you use someone else’s written or spoken words
Paraphrasing: when you take someone else’s words and convert it into your own words

16. We must learn these rules!
In Text References
Both have its own rules within Harvard Referencing System!
We must learn these rules!

17. Include the reference (Name, Date) at the end of the sentence.
In Text References
Case 1: Paraphrasing
Include the reference (Name, Date) at the end of the sentence.

18. Case 1: Paraphrasing
Examples:
Barack Obama met with many world leaders today. (Hunter 2009)
Beijing will host the Olympics. (Smith 2003)

19. In Text References
Case 2: Using the Author’s name
If you use the author’s name in your report, only put the date in brackets
Put the date RIGHT AFTER the author is mentioned

20. Using the Author’s name
EXAMPLES
Hunter (2009) said that Barack Obama met with many world leaders today.
In his article, Smith (2003) states that Beijing will host the Olympics.

21. In Text References Case 3: Direct Quotations
For direct quotations, use quotation marks and write the page number of the source in the reference.
Put the reference (Name, date, page number) at the end of the sentence

22. Case 3: Direct Quotations
EXAMPLE
“Before you sit down and start writing, make some decisions and set some expectations for yourself.”(Neville, 2007, p.34)

23. Case 3: Direct Quotations
EXAMPLE 2
You should “make some decisions and set some expectations for yourself” if you want to be a good writer. (Neville, 2007, p.34)

24. Special Case: Images
If take use an image in your report made by someone else, you must use “in text referencing”
Put the reference (name, date) below the image

25. Special Case: Images
Figure 3.1 Growth of X
Source: Smith (2004)

26. Are very helpful because they show the source of your information
In Text References
Are very helpful because they show the source of your information

27. But...

28. There is information missing!

29. Information included:
Author
Date

30. Information missing:
Article/Book Title
Publisher
Place of Publication
Website

31. We need a:

32. Bibliography

33. Bibliography
The bibliography is a list of sources that you have either quoted directly or used ideas from.

34. It should appear at the end of your report
Bibliography
It should appear at the end of your report
It should be organized alphabetically by author’s surname

35. Information to Include for EACH Source
Who wrote it? (Author)
What is it called? (Title)
When was it published? (Date)
Where was it published? (Place)
Who published it? (Publisher)

36. Create the Bibliography as you write
REMEMBER!
Create the Bibliography as you write
Add any source you use to your bibliography right away!

37. This will help you to stay organized!

38. Remember! Always use same formats!
You should also include items read but not referenced “in text”

39. We will now learn the format for referencing Books Websites
Bibliography
We will now learn the format for referencing
Books
Websites
Newspapers/magazines

40. Books
Remember, ask the questions:

41. Books Remember, ask the questions: Who wrote it?
When was it published?
What is it called?
Where was it published?
Who published it?

42. Book 1.Author - Surname, Initials 2. Year of publication (in Brackets)
3. Book Title (in italics)
4. Place of Publication
5.Publisher

43. Book
Boddy, D. (2000) Implementing Cooperative Strategy. Oxford: The University Press

44. Websites
Remember, ask the questions:

45. Websites Remember, ask the questions: Who wrote it? What is it called?
When was it published?
Where was it published?
Who published it?

46. Websites Author (last name, initials) Date (in Brackets)
Title (In Quotation marks)
Website name (in italics)
Website Address (underlined)

47. Websites
Baker, P. (2009). “Obama Faces Big Decisions” New York Times

48. Magazine/Newspaper
Remember, ask the questions:

49. Magazine/Newspaper Remember, ask the questions: Who wrote it?
What is it called?
When was it published?
Where was it published?
Who published it?

50. Magazine/Newspaper Author (last name, initials) Date (in Brackets)
Article Title (In Quotation marks)
Magazine/Newspaper name (in italics)

51. Magazine/Newspaper
IMPORTANT:
Must include Month and Day of article after Newspaper/Magazine name!

52. Include the page number

53. Magazine/Newspaper
Randerson, J. (2008). “Researchers find fish that can count up to four.” New York Times. 26th February. Page 21

54. Special case: Lecture notes
Name of Lecturer - Surname, Initials.
(Year of Lecture – in brackets).
Title of Lecture (in quotations)
Class Name/Number
Name of School (in italics)
Day and Month

55. Special case: Lecture notes
Cochrane, K. (2009) “Harvard Referencing” BUS 100. Huang Huai University. September 9

56. For any source! Remember, ask the questions: Who wrote it?
What is it called?
When was it published?
Where was it published?
Who published it?

57. Sample Bibliography
Baker, P. (2009). “Obama Faces Big Decisions” New York Times
Boddy, D. (2000) Implementing Cooperative Strategy. Oxford: The University Press
Cochrane, K. (2009) “Harvard Referencing” BUS Huang Huai University. September 9

58. The Harvard System You may see different kinds of formatting.
Don’t worry!
Consistency is most important!
Use the same formatting at all times!

59. Avoiding Plagiarism

60. It is considered cheating
Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is not acceptable!
It is considered cheating

61. What is plagiarism?
The use of another’s work as if it were the student’s own work
Repeated use of another’s work as your own.

62. DON’T!
Paraphrase another’s work by changing a few words or changing the order of presentation without referencing

63. Example
Holmes 2005
Collaboration between organisations is a difficult route to the achievement of strategic objectives. Formal authority structures are lacking because there are two or more organisations each with different objectives and control systems.

64. Example
Incorrect
Formal authority structures are lacking because there are two or more organisations each with different objectives and control systems so collaboration is a difficult route to achieve organizational objectives (Shaw & Holmes 2005).

65. Example
Correct
There are two challenges in achieving objectives through collaboration: a) two or more organisations are likely to have different objectives from collaboration and b) they have different ways of working (Shaw & Holmes 2005).

66. Example
Cochrane 2009 Britney Spears sold 5 million copies of her album in the USA. She sold 10 Million copies in China Britney Spears sold 10 million copies of her album in China. She sold 5 million copies in the USA.

67. Example
Cochrane 2009 Britney Spears sold 5 million copies of her album in the USA. She sold 10 Million copies in China Britney sold many albums worldwide. (Cochrane 2009)

68. Copy another’s work DON’T!
Any copying from any source – internet, friends, previous students – don’t!!

69. Use another’s work and present it without references
DON’T!
Use another’s work and present it without references
Example: using an article which is neither referenced in the text nor in the bibliography

70. Quote very large pieces of text in your report
DON’T!
Quote very large pieces of text in your report

71. Bad!!!
“Collaboration between organisations is a difficult route to the achievement of strategic objectives. Formal authority structures are lacking since there are two or more organisations, each with different objectives and control systems. Creating new structures can create uncertainty and managing the alliance runs the risk of creating costly bureaucracies which stifle initiative and commitment. There are tensions because of differences in culture, governance systems and perceived power. There are tensions because of the risk of free rider problems and the difficulties which organisations and their members may find in trusting each other. These tensions lead to high failure rates and raise the costs of collaboration relative to alternative solutions. It can also be argued that successful collaboration poses particular challenges to universities. In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of leadership as a driver of change and a corresponding strengthening of executive power which may help in finding management solutions for alliances” (Shaw and Holmes 2005).

72. Good!
Much of the discussion in the higher education literature has concerned typologies of different types of collaboration and explanations of their rationale (Brown, 2001; Beerkens, 2002) . Collaboration is seen as a continuum ranging from loose voluntary co-operation to collaboration so close that it leads to its own demise through merger and the creation of a single organisational form. Higher education literature has not been greatly concerned with management processes, although Lang (2002) points to the conflicts between the need for strong leadership against sharing of power in effective co-operation and Pettigrew (2003) has examined equality, power and role conflicts.

73. One more thing!
You don`t need to reference things that are common knowledge
The sky is blue (Cochrane 2009)
China is a big country
Birds can fly

74. If you are not sure, always include a reference
One more thing!
If you are not sure, always include a reference

75. Summary

76. Summary
Learn the system – you will save time and present your work more clearly
Avoid plagiarism

77. Communication Strategies
Read Pages 3 -17