1. Chapter 37 Vocab

2. Jawaharlal Nehru
First PM of India – promoted non-alignment

3. Non-alignment
Policy of avoiding being on one side or the other of the cold war – Bandung Conference

4. Ho Chi Minh
Resisted French power in Vietnam

5. Dien Bien Phu
1954 – Final defeat of the French in Vietnam

6. Ngo dinh diem
South Vietnamese leader – supported by United States

7. Vietnamization
Nixon’s policy of getting US out of Vietnam – turning the war over to the Vietnamese

8. zionism
Belief in a Jewish state in Palestine – Thedor Herzl

9. Balfour Declaration and 1947 UN Declaration
British guarantee to protect the interests of Jews in Palestine – establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine

10. Intifada
Demonstrations/violence against Israeli rule in Gaza

11. Gamel Abdel NAsser
Pan-Arab supporter – President of Egypt

12. Suez Canal
Strategic importance - Nationalized by Nasser – 1956 – led to Soviet support of Arab indep. (this is complicated…like everything in the Middle East).

13. Algerian War
Attempt by French to keep Algeria from gaining independence – ended w/ indep. in 1962

14. Frantz Fanon
Algerian revolutionary – supported African indep

15. NÈgritude
Blackness –black African indep. movement

16. Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of Ghana – first African nation to gain independence from British Empire

17. Kikuyu
Ethnic group in Kenya – violently opposed British rule – led to 12,000 African deaths – Kenya ultimately gained indep. in 1963

18. Apartheid
Racist legal/political system in South Africa – set up in 1948 by Afrikaner party

19. African National Congress
Political movement dedicated to resistance to Apartheid in South Africa – led by Nelson Mandela

20. Great Leap Forward
AKA “The Giant Step Backwards” – Mao tried to collectivize food production – led to the deaths of millions of Chinese

21. Cultural Revolution
Mao’s purge of intellectuals, undesirables, etc. Left China unstable – (public humiliation of intellectuals)

22. Deng xioping
Came to power after Mao – moderating influence – began relations with US

23. Tiananmen Square
Bloody suppression of pro-democracy student protests in China – 1989

24. Indira Gandhi
PM of India , – Agricultural policies pushed people into poverty, sectarian violence, harsh birth control measures

25. Sharia
Islamic law – major component of Islamist movements. NOTE: Both the words Sharia and Jihad have been all kinds of distorted by our good friends at Fox news – message to kids that things are more complicated than we have time to discuss

26. Jihad
Idea having a duty to defend Islam, often by violent means

27. Ayatollah Khomeini
Anti-US leader of Iran – took power after revolution in 1979

28. Saddam Hussein
Sparked Iran-Iraq war, gulf war

29. LÁzaro cÁrdenas
– Pres. of mexico – land reform – redistribution to benefit poor farmers

30. Juan and eva PerÓn
Populist dictator in Argentina -- Eva – charismatic – helped foster popularity - Dirty war – disappearences

31. Sandinistas
Communist revolutionaries in Nicaragua – opposed by Reagan’s Contras