1. New Nations Emerge
By Chief Excell

2. New Nations of Southeast Asia: Mainland Contrasts
Malaysia Prospers:
Market Economy
Profitable Industries of Rubber and Electronics
Formed in 1950
Diverse Population with Equal Distribution of Wealth
Myanmar Suffers:
British Colony of Burma (1948) = renamed Myanmar in 1989
Ethnic Tensions plagued country
Burmans dominate ethnic group
Military Government with limited Foreign Trade and low standards of living
Elections held in 1990 and anti-military group won election
Military rebelled thus jailing, killing, or exiling their opponents.

3. Southeast Asia: Indonesia’s Size Poses Challenge
Declared Independence from Dutch in 1949
Includes more than 13,000 Islands
90% of Indonesians are Muslim; Christians, Buddhists, and Hindu are minorities
Democracy Falters: began as a parliamentary government under Sukarno
1965, Army Officers attempted to seize power but was blocked by Army Officer who then took power for himself in 1966
Army Officer Suharto accused Communists of attempted coup… Communists KILLED
Suharto becomes Dictator for over 30 years
Rioters protested corrupt government and forces Suharto out

4. Southeast Asia: Indonesia’s Size Poses Challenge
East Timor Fights for Freedom:
Indonesia seized East Timor… East Timor won independence in 2002
Ethnic Conflicts and Natural Disasters:
Ethnic Conflicts:
Moluccas (East Islanders)
Fighting between Christians and Muslims
Discrimination of Chinese on Island of Java
Rebels on Papua< New Guinea
Natural Disasters:
2004: Earthquake caused a Tsunami = over 100,000 dead
Other Tsunamis ravaged Sri Lanka and Thailand

5. Southeast Asia: The Philippines Seeks Democracy
Diversity Ethnic Groups
Catholics predominate religious group
Originally American Colony but gained independence in 1946
Marcos Becomes a Dictator:
Wealth elite controlled politics and economy
Majority poor peasants
Ferdinand Marcos elected president in 1956, abandoned democracy
Had popular rival murdered

6. Southeast Asia: The Philippines Seeks Democracy
Filipinos Demand Democracy:
Corazon Aquino elected in 1986
Marcos tried to deny election, “people power revolution” occurred
Aquino had fragile democracy, Joseph Estrada took power
Estrada= corruption
Unrest grew in crowded slum neighborhoods
Clashes With Rebels Drag on:
Rebels were Guerrillas trying to use international terrorism
U.S. Aided Filipino gov’t in its fight against the rebels

7. African Nations Gain Independence: Africa’s Colonies Gain Independence
A Geographically Diverse Continent:
2nd largest continent
Tropical Rainforests, Savannahs (Grasslands), Deserts
Populations concentrated in fertile areas
Growth of Cities in fertile areas
Minerals: Gold Ore, Copper Ore, Diamonds
Resources: Valuable Cash Crops (Cacao & Coffee) & Large Petroleum Reserves
Colonies Demand Independence:
Political Leaders: Nkrumah, Kenyatta, and Senghor led movement for independence
Political Pressure was enough sometimes, other times struggles for independence got violent

8. African Nations Gain Independence: Africans Build New Nations
Confronting Ethnic Divisions:
European countries drew boundaries without regard for different ethnic groups of those areas
Loyalty lied with ethnic group NOT new national government
Dictators Seize Power:
Established on—party political systems that turned into dictatorships
Dictators used their positions to gain riches for themselves and a few privileged peeps
Bad gov’t policies led to civil unrest, military often seized power
Coup D’etat: the forcible overthrow of a government
Military leaders promised to give power back to the people once they had settled the violence… often times only gave up power when they were over thrown.

9. African Nations Gain Independence: Africans Build New Nations
Moving Toward Democracy:
Demands for Democracy and loans given by Western Banks increased pressures on governments
Legalized opposition parties and freedom of speech
Foreigners Jostle for Influence:
Colonial powers maintained control in business forcing New Nations to remain dependent on former colonizers
During Cold War, U.S. backed Somalia and USSR backed Ethiopia… important because they had access to the Red Sea (vital shipping route connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa)

10. The Stories of Five African Nations: Ghana
Originally a British Colony
1940, Nkrumah organized movement for independence
1957, renamed Ghana won independence
Socialism and Nationalized (placed businesses under gov’t control)
Built massive dam for electric power
Left Ghana in massive debt
Government became corrupt and was overthrown in 1966
1981: Military Coup led by Rawlings
Took steps to strengthen economy (overseas sales of Cacao and Gold)
Restored Democracy to Ghana
Won Free election in 1992, lost election of 2001 but peacefully handed over control

11. The Stories of Five African Nations: Kenya
Freedom only after Armed Struggle
Fertile Land taken over by white settlers and suppressed Kikuyu (natives)
Kenyatta demanded land back from white settlers
advocated nonviolent methods
In 1950s, Radicals turned guerrilla (Called Radicals “Mau Mau”)
Burned farms attacked settlers
British arrested Kenyatta and killed thousands of Kikuyu
Kenyatta’s imprisonment made him a national hero
1963, Kenyatta became first leader of independent Kenya
As President, Kenyatta:
Jailed opponents
Outlawed oppression
Resisted free elections until violent demonstrations and foreign lenders pushed it toward democracy
First Free Election held in 2002

12. The Stories of Five African Nations: Algeria
Colony of France
Determined to stop independence of Algeria
Algerian Nationalists set up National Liberation Front
Group turned to Guerilla Warfare to gain independence
1950s: France had just lost territory of Vietnam and found oil and Natural Gas resources in Algeria
War Raged
1962: Public opinion changed and Algeria gained its independence from France
Military Coup in 1965 formed a command economy
1980s returned to a market economy
1992: Allowed Free elections where Islamic party Won
Military rejected election results and started a civil war in Algeria… has not stopped... Just settled for the time being

13. The Stories of Five African Nations: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Formerly Belgian Colony
Rainforests and Savannah
Valuable natural resources of Diamonds and Cooper
Belgium wanted to maintain control of the natural resources
1960: A rush to declare independence left Congolese not prepared to self- govern… thus allowing Belgium to remain in control
USSR backed Lumumba (Prime Minister of Congo)
United States backed Col. Mobutu
Mobutu captured Lumumba and executed him
Mobutu ruled Congo as a military dictator (harsh and corrupt)
1997: Mobutu driven to exile leading to a 6 year Civil War ending in 2003
Country still remains divided

14. The Stories of Five African Nations: Nigeria
British Colony
Largest population in Africa
Diverse Land and ethnic groups
Ibo Christians & Yoruba = South
Muslim Hausa = North
Won independence from Britain in 1960
Regional, Ethnic, and Religious difference lead to conflict
1966, Military Coup… led to 3-year Civil War… military won
1970s and 1980s: violent military rulers suppressed opposition and diverted rich oil earnings to themselves
1999: Free Elections
Led to increased crime
Continued ethnic and religious division