1. Data Types

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3. How do computers work? Use digital electronics
Computer memory and chips keep track of large numbers of on/off “switches”
A switch that is off is associated with a binary number of 0
A switch that is on is associated with a binary number 1
Patterns of “on” and “off” stored inside a computer are used to encode ordinary numbers
Computer processors that use strings of 64 binary numbers to keep track of things are called 64-bit systems

4. What is binary?
Base 10 is the most commonly used number system
(10 digits):
Binary number system uses base 2
(2 digits): 0 1
A single unit of information is called a bit.
In binary a bit can be a 0 or a 1
How many combinations can a 4-bit register represent? 1 1 1 1
Total number of bits being represented 24
=16 1
Each bit can be 2 options: 0 or 1

5. What are all the possible combinations of zeros and ones that a 4-bit register can represent?
= 0 1
= 6 1
= 12
Number the bits starting with 0 1 1
= 1 1
= 13
= 7 1 2 3 1 1
= ?
= 3
= 2 1
= 14 1
= ?
= 2 1
= 8 1 1
= ?
= 3 1
= 15
= 9
21=2
20=1
2+1=3 1 1
= 4
= 10 1
= 5 1
= 11
If there is a 1 in the bit, set 2 as the base and raise it to the bit number.
If there is more than one bit with a 1 add their values together.

6. Successive Division by 2 for Decimal to Binary Conversion
Convert the decimal value 47 to binary using successive division by 2
Divided by 2, because binary is base 2
LSB – Least Significant Bit
47 ÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
23 ÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
11 ÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
47 to binary is
5÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
2÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 0
1÷2 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
MSB – Most Significant Bit

7. Data Types Variables store information in the form of bits
Predefined data types allow you to choose the best form for a variable
Do you know of any data types?
int
float
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
boolean 8
True or false
True ≠ 0 and False = 0
byte
0 to 255
An unsigned 8 bit number (28=256)
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
long 32
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Frequently used data type, number with many digits, signed
float
x1038 to x1038
Includes decimal point, total precision is 6 to 7 digits
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
boolean 8
True or false
True ≠ 0 and False = 0
byte
0 to 255
An unsigned 8 bit number (28=256)
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
long 32
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Frequently used data type, number with many digits, signed
float
x1038 to x1038
Includes decimal point, total precision is 6 to 7 digits
char
One 8-bit ASCII character
Alphanumeric characters, multiple characters called strings
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
boolean 8
True or false
True ≠ 0 and False = 0
byte
0 to 255
An unsigned 8 bit number (28=256)
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
float 32
x1038 to x1038
Includes decimal point, total precision is 6 to 7 digits
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
float 32
x1038 to x1038
Includes decimal point, total precision is 6 to 7 digits
Data Type
# of Bits
Range
Comments
boolean 8
True or false
True ≠ 0 and False = 0
int 16
-32,768 to 32,767
Whole number, signed (+ or -), most common data type
float 32
x1038 to x1038
Includes decimal point, total precision is 6 to 7 digits

8. Experimenting with Data Types5V
analog input 5
thermistor
10kW
Build the thermistor circuit on your breadboard
Activity 1: Collect 100 temperature values and take the average of the values. Provide the average value in Degrees Celsius
Print information collected and calculated on the serial monitor
Hint: Adapt the program from Question 1 from Homework 1
Truncation is the cutting off of values after the decimal place which can give you errors
Using the proper Data Types and including decimals within the equation being calculated can help fix this issue
Using the serial monitor to print values is a great troubleshooting tool. Always check your values!
Activity 2: Collect 100 temperature values and find the minimum. Provide the minimum in Degrees Celsius

9. Experimenting with Data Types
Activity 3: Collect 100 temperature values and find the min and subtract it from the data set. Then find the average of the remaining values. Provide both min and average in Degrees Celsius
Tips for Programming
Use the appropriate data type
Print out everything you calculate
Start with small pieces that build towards the larger program
Comment the lines of code to help you remember their purpose

10. Additional Activities
analog input 5
thermistor
10kW
Collect 100 temperature values and find the maximum
Collect 100 temperature values and find the min, max, and average
Collect 100 temperature values and find the min, max, subtract out the min and the max values then find the average of the remaining values.
Write a sketch that reads values from the thermistor circuit and prints the analog values, degrees in Celsius, and degrees in Fahrenheit.
Beware of truncation and use the right data types.