1. Chapter 1 Nuclear Energy
I. Radioactivity 1 1

2. A. Definitions Radioactivity
emission of high-energy radiation from the nucleus of an atom
Nuclide
nucleus of an isotope
Transmutation
process of changing one element into another via nuclear decay

3. B. Types of Radiation 2+ 1- Alpha () helium nucleus Beta-minus (-)
paper 2+
Beta-minus (-)
electron
lead 1-
Gamma ()
high-energy photon
concrete

4. C. Nuclear Decay Why nuclides decay…
to obtain a stable ratio of neutrons to protons
Stable
Unstable
(radioactive)

5. C. Nuclear Decay
TRANSMUTATION
Alpha Emission
Beta Emission

6. D. Half-life Half-life (t½)
time it takes for half of the nuclides in a sample to decay
Example Half-lives
polonium seconds
lead hours
iodine days
carbon-14 5,370 years
uranium billion years

7. D. Half-life total time = 30 hours number of half-lives = 2
How much of a 20-g sample of sodium-24 would remain after decaying for 30 hours? Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours.
GIVEN:
total time = 30 hours
t1/2 = 15 hours
original mass = 20 g
WORK:
number of half-lives = 2
20 g ÷ 2 = 10 g (1 half-life)
10 g ÷ 2 = 5 g (2 half-lives)
5 g of 24Na would remain.

8. CHAPTER 10 Nuclear Energy
II. Nuclear Reactions
(p )

9. A. F ission splitting a nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei
some mass is converted to large amounts of energy

10. A. F ission
chain reaction - self-feeding reaction

11. B. Fusion combining of two nuclei to form one nucleus of larger mass
produces even more energy than fission
occurs naturally in stars

12. Nuclear Energy
III. Applications

13. A. Nuclear Power
Fission Reactors
Cooling Tower

14. A. Nuclear Power
Fission Reactors

15. A. Nuclear Power
Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable)

16. A. Nuclear Power Fusion Reactors (not yet sustainable)
National Spherical Torus Experiment
Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
Princeton University

17. A. Nuclear Power 235U is limited danger of meltdown toxic waste
FISSION
FUSION
vs.
235U is limited
danger of meltdown
toxic waste
thermal pollution
Hydrogen is abundant
no danger of meltdown
no toxic waste
not yet sustainable

18. B. Others Choose one of the following to investigate: Irradiated Food
Radioactive Dating
Nuclear Medicine Make a mini-poster in your book to display what you have learned.