3. Niche Concepts
Joseph Grinnell
Charles Elton
Evelyn Hutchinson

4. Joseph Grinnell ( )

5. Grinnell J, Storer TI (1924) Animal Life in the Yosemite: An Account of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in a Cross-Section of the Sierra Nevada (Univ of California Press, Berkeley).

8. Wake. D et al (2009) PNAS
Grinnell's concept of ecological niche was developed from studies of California vertebrates, specifically the California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum), and the map was an early effort to integrate natural history with geography in understanding biogeography.

9. The Life Zone Concept was developed in the
United States by C. Hart Merriam
Merriam CH (1890) Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. 1. General results, with special reference to the geographical and vertical distribution of species. North Am Fauna 3:1–34.

11. Animal Ecology (1927) outlines and draws together the
Charles Elton ( ) .
Animal Ecology (1927) outlines and draws together the
case for a subject of that name. It is also generally recognized, of course, for the introduction of the concept of the ecological 'niche' in the sense that
this is an organism's 'profession'
Macfadyen (1992)

12. George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991)
George Evelyn Hutchinson ( )

13. Hutchinson’s duality: The once and future niche
Robert K. Colwell and Thiago F. Rangel
PNAS November 17, vol suppl –19658

14. The Niche as a Bioclimatic Envelope

32. Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia)

33. Valley Oak (Quercus lobata)