1. The Kingdoms of Life Animals
Unit 5 / Module 14
The Kingdoms of Life Animals

2. Animal Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotic cells Heterotrophic
Two Groups
1. Invertebrates
(no backbone)
2. Vertebrates

3. Animal Terminology
Symmetry
Segmentation
Cephalization

4. Life Functions (STERNGRR)
Synthesis – to make molecules necessary for life
1.Protein synthesis
2.Lipid synthesis

5. Transport – to move molecules
1. BLOOD cells carry nutrients and oxygen to cells and carry wastes away
2. CLOSED circulatory systems - blood is enclosed in vessels.
OPEN circulatory systems – blood bathes organs in an open body cavity
3. FOUR CHAMBERED HEART separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

6. Excretion – to get rid of waste and balance fluids
1. NEPHRIDIA (worms) and MALPIGHIAN TUBULES (insects) - specialized excretory structures in some body segments that filter nitrogenous waste from the blood.
2. KIDNEYS - organs made up of smaller parts called nephrons filters wastes from the blood. This urine, passes through ureters and then exits the body.

7. Respiration – to take in O2 / release CO2
1. SKIN - In worms, oxygen is able to diffuse through moist skin and enter the bloodstream.
2. SPIRACLES – tiny pores in certain body segments of insects that take in oxygen.
3. GILLS – aquatic mammals may have thin membranes that allow the diffusion of oxygen from the water into the bloodstream.
4. LUNGS – organs in terrestrial mammals made of clusters called alveoli that allow for fast diffusion of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood

8. Nutrition – to obtain food
1. MANDIBLES / TEETH – chewing mouthparts specialized for food sources
2. DIGESTIVE TRACT
Esophagus
Stomach (enzymes)
Intestines
(microvilli for absorption)

9. Reproduction - to make more organisms
1. ASEXUAL – “simple” animals may use fragmentation (sponges) or regeneration
2. SEXUAL – sperm fertilizes egg
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION– In some aquatic animals, females lay eggs and males later fertilize them outside of the female’s body.
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION – In terrestrial animals, the male places the sperm inside the female’s body.

10. Growth and development
EGGS:
METAMORPHOSIS – insects and amphibians develop from eggs and then undergo changes during their life cycle
Incomplete: egg nymph (small adult-like body)  molts exoskeleton  adult
Complete: egg larva pupa adult

11. AMNIOTIC EGG - contains yolk (food) and membranes for gas exchange and the storage of waste. Provides a protective environment for the embryo where it can develop on land without drying out. Used by reptiles, birds and mammals called monotremes.

12. POUCH – used for continued development by marsupials which are born very immature
PLACENTAL – the placenta connects the embryo to the mother’s circulatory system for internal development

13. Regulation – to control
NERVOUS SYSTEM – Nerve cells called neurons are shaped according to their function of sending and receiving messages.
Ganglia – clusters of nerve cells
Sensory structures
Brain

14. HORMONES - (endocrine system) used to respond to some stimuli and to regulate body systems by traveling through the circulatory system

15. Make a chart of Innate behaviors!
Behavior (INSTINCT)
DESCRIBE an example
(different from notes, ok to use videos)
Courtship
Territoriality
Aggression
Dominance Hierarchy
Orientation / Taxis
Circadian Rhythm
Migration
Hibernation
Estivation

16. Animal Behavior
Behaviors (responses to stimuli) are a result of natural selection!
Have adaptive value
Can be selected for (genetic)
Usually involve nature AND nurture!

17. 2 main types of Behavior Innate = inborn (genetically programmed)
Learned = acquired during an organism’s life and may change with practice and experience

18. Simple innate behaviors:
Automatic – quick, unconscious reactions
Reflexes – blinking, pupil dilating
Fight-or-Flight – the body prepares for action in response to stress or fear
Ex. Increased heart rate and respiration rate when in a car accident
Instincts - more complex innate behaviors (and urges)
Simple - “suckling” allows animals to be able to feed right after birth
More Complex…

19. More complex instincts
1. Courtship behavior – pre-mating behavior designed to help an organism recognize and pick the “best” mate
Ex. Fireflies flash lights
Astounding Mating Dance Birds of Paradise
2. Territoriality – defending physical space against other animals; reduces competition for scarce resources
Ex. A cat scent-marks its territory to warn others
Baboons vs chimpanzees
3. Aggression – a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
Ex. Lions show their fangs and snap at other lions
Aggressive Behavior in Animals
4. Dominance Hierarchy – a social ranking within a group that establishes dominant and submissive members
Ex. A puppy rolls over and exposes its belly to adult dogs
Dominance Hierarchy in horses

20. 5. Orientation / Taxis - movement toward or away from a stimulus
a. Phototaxis - movement in response to light
Ex. Moths are attracted to light (positive)
b. Chemotaxis – movement in response to chemicals
Ex. Insects are attracted to chemical signals from other insects (positive)

21. Cycles (Biological “Clock”)
1.Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of behavior
SciShow - Circadian Rhythms
Ex. sleeping and waking
2. Seasonal rhythms occur at certain times of the year
a. Migration – movement from one place to
another and then back again in response to
environmental stimuli
b. Hibernation - a decrease in metabolism in
response to colder temperatures
c. Estivation - a decrease in metabolism in
response to warmer temperatures

22. Learned Behaviors
Learned behaviors are present mostly in animals with a more highly developed nervous system
Learning requires motivation – an internal need that causes an animal to act (ie. hunger)
Types of learning:
1. Habituation – occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus with no punishment or reward; eventually the animal stops responding
Ex. You are able to sleep through the night even though you live close to the train tracks
Habituation of a startle response
2. Classical Conditioning – occurs when an animal makes a connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment; also called “learning by association”
Ex. Pavlov’s dogs
"Attack of the Quack"

23. 3. Operant Conditioning – occurs when an animal learns to behave a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment; also called “trial-and-error” Ex. A mouse learns how to get through a maze in order to get the food at the end Big Bang - Operant Conditioning 4. Insight Learning / Reasoning – the most complicated form of learning that occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation Ex. A pianist is able to play a new piece of music by “ear”

24. Combining Innate and Learned Behaviors
Social Behaviors
Interactions between members of a species
May form societies (survival advantage)
Includes courtship, territoriality, dominance hierarchy and communication
Imprinting
Very young animals recognize and follow the first
moving object they see
The urge to follow is innate but young learn
from the experience
Ex. Ducklings imprint on their mother
Duck and dog (imprinting)
Communication
The passing of information from one organism to another.
Innate forms of communication may involve sound, sight, touch, or chemicals (pheromones)
Bee Dance (Waggle Dance)
The most complex form of communication is language – requires a complex nervous system, memory, and insight