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Research problem, research question and hypothesis

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1 Research problem, research question and hypothesis
Presented by : Lucia Dhiantika Witasari

2 Where do you find the research problem?
in INTRODUCTION part 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

3 THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRODUCTION
Wilkinson (1991) mentions, The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it is related to other research. (p. 96) The introduction establishes the issue or concern leading to the research by conveying information about a problem. The introduction needs to : create reader interest in the topic, establish the problem that leads to the study, place the study within the larger context of the scholarly literature, and reach out to a specific audience. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

4 A MODEL FOR AN INTRODUCTION
The first sentence accomplishes both primary objectives for an introduction: piquing interest in the study and conveying a distinct research problem or issue.  narrative hook (Terenzini et al., 2001) Maximum length is 2 pages!!! 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

5 Let us see the Introduction section …
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6 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
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7 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
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8 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

9 Qualitative or Quantitative research?
Topic narrows during study Narrow topic, specific Inductive (specific  general) : generation of a new theory emerging from the data Deductive (general  specific): testing theory Open-ended question Closed Concepts, ideas, descriptions Variables, control, manipulation Rich descriptions with words Numbers and analysis 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

10 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
Research problem is the problem or issue that leads to the need for a study. In a quantitative project, the problem is addressed by understanding what factors or variables influence an outcome. WRITE research problem in the 1st paragraph, if possible in the 1st sentence of an introduction! 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

11 Tips for designing the opening paragraphs of a proposal
Write an opening sentence that will stimulate reader interest as well as convey an issue to which a broad audience can relate As a general rule, refrain from using quotations, especially long ones, in the lead sentence. Stay away from idiomatic expressions or trite phrases Consider numeric information for impact Clearly identify the research problem (i.e., dilemma, issue) leading to the study. Ask yourself, "Is there a specific sentence (or sentences) in which I convey the research problem?" Indicate why the problem is important by citing numerous references that justify the need to study the problem 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

12 The research problem is often confused with the research question
questions that the investigator would like answered in order to understand or explain the problem Quantitative research questions inquire about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to know. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

13 Independent vs Dependent Variable
What is tested? What is manipulated? What is observed? What is measured ? The data collected during investigation 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

14 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
RESEARCH QUESTION Guidelines for writing good quantitative research questions : The use of variables in research questions is typically limited to three basic approaches : compare groups on an independent variable to see its impact on a dependent variable. “What is the difference in...”. relate one or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables. Does .... (independent variable) effect … (dependent variable)? describe responses to the independent or dependent variables. “how much”, “how often”, or “what is the change”.  Use of theories i.e. why did it happen in view of an explanation or theory? the specification of research questions or hypotheses that are included in the theory. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

15 example of a script for a quantitative research question
11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

16 Criteria for a good research question …
(Farrugia et al., 2010) 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

17 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
“A research question is essentially a hypothesis asked in the form of a question. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

18 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
HYPOTHESES “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.”(Creswell, 2009) “An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved.” (Macleod Clark J and Hockey L, 1981) It is always written as a statement and should be developed before any data is collected. The research or clinical hypothesis is developed from the research question and then the main elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance. Commonly used in quantitative research, but not qualitative research which often seeks answers to open-ended questions. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

19 Two forms hypothesis : null and alternative
1. A null hypothesis represents the traditional approach: it makes a prediction that in the general population. no relationship or no significant difference exists between groups on a variable. The wording is, "There is no difference (or relationship)" between the groups. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

20 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
2. The alternative or directional hypothesis is popular in a journal article. The investigator makes a prediction about the expected outcome, basing this prediction on prior literature and studies on the topic that suggest a potential outcome. For example, the researcher may predict that "Scores will be higher for Group A than for Group B" on the dependent variable or that "Group A will change more than Group B" on the outcome. These examples illustrate a directional hypothesis because an expected prediction (e.g., higher, more change) is made. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

21 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
Another type of alternative hypothesis is nondirectional a prediction is made, but the exact form of differences (e.g .. higher. lower, more, less) is not specified because the researcher does not know what can be predicted from past literature. Thus, the investigator might write, "There is a difference" between the two groups. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

22 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
An example … In a clinical trial of a new drug 1. the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug. We would write H0: there is no difference between the two drugs on average. 2. The alternative hypothesis might be that: the new drug has a different effect, on average, compared to that of the current drug. We would write H1: the two drugs have different effects, on average.  nondirectional Or the new drug is better, on average, than the current drug. the new drug is better than the current drug, on average  directional 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

23 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
(Farrugia et al., 2010) 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

24 Tugas ke-3 Menyusun latar belakang dan rumusan masalah sesuai dengan rencana penelitian pada tugas ke-1. 2. Mengidentifikasi : Masalah penelitian (research problem), Rumusan masalah / hipotesis (research question/hypothesis) pada artikel/review jurnal yang dipilih pada tugas ke-2. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id

25 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id
References Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles: Sage. Farrugia, P., Petrisor, B. A., Farrokhyar, F., & Bhandari, M. (2010). Research questions, hypotheses and objectives. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 53(4), 278–281. Terenzini, P. T ., Cabrera, A. F ., Colbeck, C. L ., Bjorklund, S. A., & Parente, J. M. (2001). Racial and ethnic diversity in the classroom. The Journal of Higher Education. 72(5), Wilkinson, A.M. (1991). The scientist's handbook for writing papers and dissertations. Englewood Cliffs, Nj: Prentice Hall. 11/28/2018 Lucia D. Witasari_dhiantika.staff.ugm.ac.id


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