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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) The letter t is used as the primary application of this is in Physics, with t representing time. Draw the curve given by the Parametric Equations: for t -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x = 2t -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 y = t2 9 4 1 1 4 9 10 π₯=2π‘ π¦= π‘ 2 -10 10 β3β€ π‘ 2 β€3 Work out the x and y co-ordinates to plot by substituting the t values -10 2A
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) A curve has parametric equations: Find the Cartesian equation of the curve π₯=2π‘ Divide by 2 π₯ 2 =π‘ π₯=2π‘ π¦= π‘ 2 π¦= π‘ 2 Replace t with x/2 π¦= π₯ 2 2 Rewrite t in terms of x, and then substitute it into the y equationβ¦ Simplify π¦= π₯ 2 4 2A
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π₯= 1 π‘+1 You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) A curve has parametric equations: Find the Cartesian equation of the curve Multiply by (t + 1) π₯(π‘+1)=1 Divide by x π‘+1= 1 π₯ π₯= 1 π‘+1 Subtract 1 π¦= π‘ 2 π‘= 1 π₯ β1 π¦= π‘ 2 Rewrite t in terms of x, and then substitute it into the y equationβ¦ Replace t π¦= 1 π₯ β1 2 π¦= 1 π₯ β π₯ π₯ 2 1 = x/x Put the fractions together π¦= 1βπ₯ π₯ 2 π¦= (1βπ₯) π₯ 2 2 Simplify 2A
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Exercise 2A
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at the points A and B. Find their coordinates. A B π₯=π‘β1 π¦=4β π‘ 2 π¦=4β π‘ 2 y = 0 0=4β π‘ 2 + t2 At points A and B, y = 0 ο Sub y = 0 in to find t at these points π‘ 2 =4 Remember both answers π‘=Β±2 So t = Β±2 ο Sub this into the x equation to find the x-coordinates of A and B π₯=π‘β1 π₯=π‘β1 Sub in t = 2 Sub in t = -2 π₯=(2)β1 π₯=(β2)β1 ο A and B are (-3,0) and (1,0) π₯=1 π₯=β3 2B
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry A curve has Parametric equations: where a is a constant. Given that the curve passes through (2,0), find the value of a. π¦=π( π‘ 3 +8) y = 0 0=π( π‘ 3 +8) The βaβ part cannot be 0 or there would not be any equations! π‘ 3 +8=0 Subtract 8 π‘ 3 =β8 π₯=ππ‘ π¦=π( π‘ 3 +8) Cube root π‘=β2 So the t value at the coordinate (2,0) is -2 We know there is a coordinate where x = 2 and y = 0, Sub y = 0 into its equation π₯=ππ‘ Sub in x and t values (2)=π(β2) Since we know that at (2,0), x = 2 and t = -2, we can put these into the x equation to find a Divide by -2 β1=π π₯=ππ‘ π¦=π( π‘ 3 +8) The actual equations with a = -1 π₯=βπ‘ π¦=β( π‘ 3 +8) 2B
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry A curve is given Parametrically by: The line x + y + 4 = 0 meets the curve at point A. Find the coordinates of A. π₯= π‘ 2 π¦=4π‘ π₯+π¦+4=0 Replace x and y with their equations ( π‘ 2 )+(4π‘)+4=0 βTidy upβ π₯= π‘ 2 π¦=4π‘ π‘ 2 +4π‘+4=0 Factorise (π‘+2) 2 =0 Find t π‘=β2 The first thing we need to do is to find the value of t at coordinate A ο Sub x and y equations into the line equation So t = -2 where the curve and line meet (point A) π₯= π‘ 2 π¦=4π‘ Sub t = -2 Sub t = -2 π₯= (β2) 2 π¦=4(β2) We know an equation for x and one for y, and we now have the t value to put into themβ¦ π₯=4 π¦=β8 The curve and line meet at (4, -8) 2B
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Exercise 2B
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to convert Parametric equations into Cartesian equations A Cartesian equation is just an equation of a line where the variables used are x and y only A curve has Parametric equations: a) Find the Cartesian equation of the curve b) Sketch the curve π₯=π πππ‘+2 π¦=πππ π‘β3 Isolate sint Isolate cost π₯β2=π πππ‘ π¦+3=πππ π‘ π π π 2 π‘+ππ π 2 π‘β‘1 Replace sint and cost (π₯β2 ) 2 + (π¦+3 ) 2 = 1 π₯=π πππ‘+2 π¦=πππ π‘β3 (π₯β2 ) 2 +(π¦+3 ) 2 =1 5 We need to eliminate t from the equations Centre = (2, -3) Radius = 1 -5 5 The equation is that of a circle ο Think about where the centre will be, and its radius -5 2C
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to convert Parametric equations into Cartesian equations A Cartesian equation is just an equation of a line where the variables used are x and y only A curve has Parametric equations: a) Find the Cartesian equation of the curve π₯=π πππ‘ π¦=π ππ2π‘ Use the double angle formula from C3 Square π₯ 2 =π π π 2 π‘ π¦=2π πππ‘πππ π‘ Replace sint with x π¦=2π₯πππ π‘ π π π 2 π‘+ππ π 2 π‘β‘1 Rearrange ππ π 2 π‘=1βπ π π 2 π‘ Replace sin2t with x2 π₯=π πππ‘ π¦=π ππ2π‘ ππ π 2 π‘=1β π₯ 2 Square root πππ π‘= 1β π₯ 2 We need to eliminate t from the equations π¦=2π₯πππ π‘ We can now replace cos t π¦=2π₯ 1β π₯ 2 Another way of writing this (by squaring the whole of each side) π¦ 2 =4 π₯ 2 (1β π₯ 2 ) 2C
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Exercise 2C
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The Area under a curve is given by: By the Chain rule: Integrate the equation with respect to x π¦ ππ₯ π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ Integrate the whole expression with respect to t (Remember you donβt have to do anything with the dt at the end!) y multiplied by dx/dt (x differentiated with respect to t) 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ π₯=5 π‘ 2 π¦= π‘ 3 You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations A curve has Parametric equations: Work out: Differentiate ππ₯ ππ‘ =10π‘ 1 2 π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ π₯=5 π‘ 2 π¦= π‘ 3 Sub in y and dx/dt 1 2 π‘ 3 (10π‘) ππ‘ 1 2 π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ Multiply π‘ 4 ππ‘ Remember to Integrate now. A common mistake is forgetting to! = 10 π‘ = 2 π‘ Sub in the two limits = 2(2 ) 5 β 2(1 ) 5 Work out the answer! = 64 β 2 =62 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 9. The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the x-axis. Find the value of t when: x = 0 x = 9 b) Find the Area of R R 9 π₯= π‘ 2 π¦=2π‘(3βπ‘) π‘β₯0 i) π₯= π‘ 2 ii) π₯= π‘ 2 x = 0 x = 9 0= π‘ 2 9= π‘ 2 Square root Square root 0=π‘ Β±3=π‘ t β₯ 0 3=π‘ Normally when you integrate to find an area, you use the limits of x, and substitute them into the equation When integrating using Parametric Equations, you need to use the limits of t (since we integrate with respect to t, not x) The limits of t are worked out using the limits of x, as we have just done 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ π¦=2π‘(3βπ‘) You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 9. The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the x-axis. Find the value of t when: x = 0 x = 9 b) Find the Area of R ο Limits of t are 3 and 0 π₯= π‘ 2 Differentiate R ππ₯ ππ‘ =2π‘ 9 π₯= π‘ 2 π¦=2π‘(3βπ‘) π‘β₯0 0 3 π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ Sub in y and dx/dt 0 3 2π‘ 3βπ‘ 2π‘ ππ‘ Multiply π‘ 2 β4 π‘ 3 ππ‘ INTEGRATE!! (donβt forget!) = 12 π‘ 3 3 β 4 π‘ = 4 π‘ 3 β π‘ Sub in 3 and 0 = 4 (3) 3 β (3) 4 β 4 (0) 3 β (0) 4 Work out the answer = 108β81 =27 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loopβ¦ 8 π₯= 2π‘ 2 π¦=π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) We have the x limits, we need the t limits π₯= 2π‘ 2 π₯= 2π‘ 2 x = 0 x = 8 0= 2π‘ 2 8= 2π‘ 2 Halve and square root Halve and square root 0=π‘ Β±2=π‘ Our t values are 0 and Β±2 We have 3 t values. We now have to integrate twice, once using 2 and once using -2 One gives the area above the x-axis, and the other the area below (in this case the areas are equal but only since the graph is symmetrical) 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loopβ¦ π₯= 2π‘ 2 π¦=π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) Differentiate ππ₯ ππ‘ =4π‘ 0 2 π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ Sub in y and dx/dt π₯= 2π‘ 2 π¦=π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) 0 2 π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) (4π‘) ππ‘ Multiply out π‘ 2 β4 π‘ 4 ππ‘ The t limits are 0 and Β±2 INTEGRATE!!!! = 16 π‘ 3 3 β 4 π‘ Sub in 2 and 0 = 16 (2) 3 3 β 4 (2) 5 5 β 16 (0) 3 3 β 4 (0) 5 5 8 = At this point we can just double the answer, but just to show you the other pairs give the same answer (as the graph was symmetrical) 2D
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Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane
π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loopβ¦ π₯= 2π‘ 2 π¦=π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) Differentiate ππ₯ ππ‘ =4π‘ β2 0 π¦ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ‘ Sub in y and dx/dt π₯= 2π‘ 2 π¦=π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) β2 0 π‘(4β π‘ 2 ) (4π‘) ππ‘ Multiply out β π‘ 2 β4 π‘ 4 ππ‘ The t limits are 0 and Β±2 INTEGRATE!!!! = 16 π‘ 3 3 β 4 π‘ β2 0 Sub in 0 and -2 = 16 (0) 3 3 β 4 (0) 5 5 β 16 (β2) 3 3 β 4 (β2) 5 5 Here you end up subtracting a negativeβ¦ 8 = Double = 2D
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Exercise 2D and 2E
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Differentiation
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You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates
Differentiation You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates When a curve is given in parametric equations: Differentiate y and x with respect to the parameter t We can then use the following calculation, a variation of the chain rule ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ Γ· ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ¦ ππ‘ Γ· ππ₯ ππ‘ Rewrite as a multiplication Written differently ππ¦ ππ‘ Γ ππ‘ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ ππ¦ ππ₯ Cancel dts = ππ¦ ππ₯ 4A
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You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates
ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ Differentiation You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates π₯= π‘ 3 +π‘ Find the gradient at the point P where t = 2, on the curve given by parametric equations: π¦= π‘ 2 +1 π₯= π‘ 3 +π‘ π¦= π‘ 2 +1 Differentiate Differentiate ππ₯ ππ‘ =3 π‘ 2 +1 ππ¦ ππ‘ =2π‘ ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ Write in terms of t using dy/dt and dx/dt ο This is the gradient function for the curve, but in terms of t ππ¦ ππ₯ = 2π‘ 3 π‘ 2 +1 Sub in t = 2 ππ¦ ππ₯ = 2(2) 3 (2) 2 +1 Work out ππ¦ ππ₯ = 4 13 4A
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You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates
ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ Differentiation You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates Find the equation of the normal at the point P where ΞΈ = Ο/6, on the curve with parametric equations: π₯=3π πππ π¦=5πππ π We need to find the gradient at point P by differentiating and substituting ΞΈ in We then need to find the gradient of the normal We also need the coordinates of x and y at point P Then we can use the formula y β y1 = m(x β x1) to obtain the equation of the line π₯=3π πππ π¦=5πππ π Differentiate Differentiate ππ₯ ππ =3πππ π ππ¦ ππ =β5π πππ ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ ππ₯ ππ β5 3 3 Gradient of the tangent at P: Sub in dx/dΞΈ and dy/dΞΈ ππ¦ ππ₯ = β5π πππ 3πππ π Gradient of the normal at P: Sub ΞΈ = Ο/6 in to obtain the gradient at P ππ¦ ππ₯ = β5π ππ π 6 3πππ π 6 Work out the fraction ππ¦ ππ₯ = β5 3 3 4A
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You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates
ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ Differentiation You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates Find the equation of the normal at the point P where ΞΈ = Ο/6, on the curve with parametric equations: π₯=3π πππ π¦=5πππ π Gradient of the normal at P: = We need to find the gradient at point P by differentiating and substituting ΞΈ in We then need to find the gradient of the normal We also need the coordinates of x and y at point P Then we can use the formula y β y1 = m(x β x1) to obtain the equation of the line π₯=3π πππ π¦=5πππ π Sub in P = Ο/6 Sub in P = Ο/6 π₯=3π ππ π 6 π¦=5πππ π 6 Work out Work out π¦= π₯= 3 2 3 2 , The coordinates of P are: 4A
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You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates
ππ¦ ππ₯ = ππ¦ ππ‘ ππ₯ ππ‘ Differentiation You can find the gradient of a curve given in parametric coordinates Find the equation of the normal at the point P where ΞΈ = Ο/6, on the curve with parametric equations: π₯=3π πππ π¦=5πππ π Gradient of the normal at P: = We need to find the gradient at point P by differentiating and substituting ΞΈ in We then need to find the gradient of the normal We also need the coordinates of x and y at point P Then we can use the formula y β y1 = m(x β x1) to obtain the equation of the line 3 2 , The coordinates of P are: π¦ β π¦ 1 =π(π₯ β π₯ 1 ) Sub in y1, m and x1 β π₯ β 3 2 π¦ = Multiply by 2 π₯ β 3 2 2π¦ β 5 3 = Multiply by 5 (You could multiply by 10 in one step if confident) π₯ β 3 2 10π¦ β = 6 3 Multiply the bracket out 10π¦ β = 6π₯ 3 β 9 3 Add 25β3 10π¦ = 6π₯ Divide by 2 5π¦ =3π₯ 4A
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Exercise 4A
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Differentiation π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯ 4B
You can differentiate equations which are implicit, such as x2 + y2 = 8x, or cos(x + y) = siny Implicit effectively means all the terms are mixed up, not necessarily in the form βy = β¦β ο This technique is useful as some equations are difficult to arrange into this formβ¦ π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯ Write dy/dx after differentiating the y term This is written differently ο The reason is that as the equation is not written as βy =β¦β, y is not a function of x Differentiate the y term as you would for an x term 6π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ For example: 3 π¦ 2 8 ππ¦ ππ₯ 8π¦ This is what happens when you differentiate an equation which starts βy =β¦β ππ¦ ππ₯ π¦ 4B
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Differentiation 4B π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯
π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯ You can differentiate equations which are implicit, such as x2 + y2 = 8x, or cos(x + y) = siny Find dy/dx in terms of x and y for the following equation: π₯ 3 + π₯ + π¦ π¦ = 6 π₯ 3 + π₯ + π¦ π¦ = 6 Differentiate each part one at a time It would be very difficult to rearrange this into the form βy = β¦β 3π¦ 2 ππ¦ ππ₯ 3 ππ¦ ππ₯ 3π₯ 2 + 1 + + = Isolate the terms with dy/dx in 3π¦ 2 ππ¦ ππ₯ 3 ππ¦ ππ₯ + = β 3π₯ 2 β 1 Factorise by taking out dy/dx ππ¦ ππ₯ 3π¦ = β 3π₯ 2 β 1 Divide by (3y2 + 3) ππ¦ ππ₯ β3 π₯ 2 β1 3π¦ = You now have a formula for the gradient, but in terms of x AND y, not just x 4B
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Differentiation 4B π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯
π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯ You can differentiate equations which are implicit, such as x2 + y2 = 8x, or cos(x + y) = siny Find the value of dy/dx at the point (1,1) where: 4π₯π¦ 2 β5π₯=10 4π₯π¦ 2 β5π₯=10 Differentiate each one at a time β remember the product rule for the first term!!!! ππ¦ ππ₯ =π’ ππ£ ππ₯ +π£ ππ’ ππ₯ π’=4π₯ π£= π¦ 2 8π₯π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ + 4π¦ 2 β 5 = 0 ππ¦ ππ₯ = 8π₯π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ ππ’ ππ₯ =4 ππ£ ππ₯ =2π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ + 4 π¦ 2 Add 5, subtract 4y2 8π₯π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ =5β4 π¦ 2 You can substitute x = 1 and y = 1 now (or rearrange first) ο Do not replace the terms in dy/dx 8 ππ¦ ππ₯ =5 β 4 Divide by 8 ππ¦ ππ₯ = 1 8 Keep your workings tidy β you may need to use the product rule on multiple terms as well as factorise β show everything youβre doing! 4B
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Differentiation 4B π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯
π ππ₯ π¦ π = π π¦ πβ1 ππ¦ ππ₯ You can differentiate equations which are implicit, such as x2 + y2 = 8x, or cos(x + y) = siny Find the value of dy/dx at the point (1,1) where: π 2π₯ πππ¦ = π₯+π¦β2 Give your answer in terms of e. π 2π₯ πππ¦ = π₯+π¦β2 ππ¦ ππ₯ =π’ ππ£ ππ₯ +π£ ππ’ ππ₯ π’= π 2π₯ π£=πππ¦ Differentiate (again watch out for the product rule! π 2π₯ π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ + 2πππ¦ π 2π₯ =1+ ππ¦ ππ₯ ππ¦ ππ₯ = π 2π₯ π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ ππ’ ππ₯ =2 π 2π₯ ππ£ ππ₯ = 1 π¦ ππ¦ ππ₯ + 2πππ¦ π 2π₯ Sub in x = 1 and y = 1 π ππ¦ ππ₯ =1+ ππ¦ ππ₯ + 2ππ1 π 2 ln1 = 0 since e0 = 1, cancelling the term out π 2 ππ¦ ππ₯ =1+ ππ¦ ππ₯ Subtract dy/dx π 2 ππ¦ ππ₯ β ππ¦ ππ₯ =1 Factorise ππ¦ ππ₯ ( π 2 β1)=1 Divide by (e2 β 1) ππ¦ ππ₯ = 1 π 2 β1 4B
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Exercise 4B
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