1. Chapter 2 Organic Compounds

2. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
1. Organic compounds
Contain carbon with hydrogen and oxygen
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
2. Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon w/ H & O
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water), CO2

3. Important Inorganic Compounds
1. Water
Most abundant inorganic compounds
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning

4. Important Inorganic Compounds
2. Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

5. Important Inorganic Compounds
3. Acids
Can release detectable hydrogen ions
4. Bases
Proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction:
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

6. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers - chemicals that control pH changes

7. Important Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
ATP

8. 1. Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Building blocks – rings of glucose
Classified according to size
- Monosaccharides – simple sugars
- Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
- Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

9. (Stored in liver until needed)
(d) Glycogen
(Stored in liver until needed)

10. 2. Lipids Contain carbon+, hydrogen+, and oxygen C & H outnumber O
Insoluble in water
Look for “chains”

11. Common lipids in the human body a. Neutral fats (triglycerides)
- Found in fat deposits
- Composed of fatty acids & glycerol
- Source of stored energy
b. Phospholipids
- Form cell membranes
c. Steroids
- cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, & some
hormones

12. Lipids

13. Cholesterol

14. 3. Proteins Made of amino acids
Contain C, O, H, N, and sometimes sulfur
over ½ of body’s organic matter
Structural (fibrous) proteins
Ex. keratin (hair,nails) & collagen (skin)
Functional (globular) proteins
Ex. enzymes, hormones, & antibodies

15. Enzymes (Functional Proteins)
Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions

16. 4. Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA

17. 5. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

18. How ATP Drives Cellular Work