3. Midbrain

4. Tectum

5. The superior and Inferior Colliculi of the Tectum
Visual and Auditory reflex orienting response

6. MIDBRAIN

7. Complex pain circuits and the PAG-opioid connection

8. MIDBRAIN- substantia nigra

9. Loss of DA in Parkinsons

10. Some symptoms

11. Parkinsons’ Disease
In the United States alone, close to 2 million people are affected, with approximately 70,000 new cases diagnosed each year. While the frequency of the disease is considerably higher in people over 50, we are seeing an alarming increase in patients who are in their 30's and 40's. In consideration of the increased life expectancy in this country and worldwide, an increasing number of people will be victims of Parkinson’s disease.

12. MIDBRAIN- ventral tegmental area (VTA)

13. VTA-Frontal Cortex ( the mesocortical DA pathway)
-And Reward

14. VTA DA reward pathways