1. Today: How do genes work?
Discussions begin/began this week.
Homework #1 posted

2. Information flow in cells
Fig 5.26
Information flow in cells
Protein

3. Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. They act as: Enzymes
Fig 5.21
Proteins are the “doers” of the cell.
They act as:
Enzymes
Structural Support
Transporters
Signals
Proteins are a string of amino acids

4. The relationship between DNA and genes
a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
promoter
coding region
terminator
non-gene
DNA

5. Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins
Fig 21.7

6. DNA Composition: In humans:
Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA.
This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.
~98% does not directly code for amino acids
In a single human cell only about 3-5% of genes are expressed at a time.

7. The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall.
Fig 6.2
Length of
human DNA
in each cell
The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall.
Width of DNA
Power of ten:

8. DNA Composition: In humans:
Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA.
This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.
~1.5% directly codes for amino acids
~25% is genes
In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.

9. The relationship between DNA and genes
a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
promoter
coding region
terminator
non-gene
DNA

10. 20 amino acids in proteins
fig 5.17
4 nucleotides in DNA ?
fig 16.5

11. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?IF
Ratio
(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1:

12. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?IF
Ratio
(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1: 2:

13. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids?IF
Ratio
(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1: 2: 3:

14. There are more possible combinations than amino acids.
How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? IF
Ratio
(nucleotide:amino acid) Possible combinations 1: 2: 3:
There are more possible combinations than amino acids.

15. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
fig 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

16. Differences between DNA and RNA
Fig 5.27

17. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
fig 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

18. fig 17.5
the Genetic Code

19. Changes in DNA can change the protein
Fig 17.22

20. Changes in DNA can change the protein... sickle-cell anemia

21. The fat cat ate the rat.
change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.

22. The fat cat ate the rat. The zat cat ate the rat.
change one letter
The zat cat ate the rat.
delete one letter
The atc ata tet her at.

23. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
fig 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

24. The information in genes is what to make and when to make it.
fig 5.26
The information in genes is what to make and when to make it.
Protein

25. Genes have three basic parts
a gene
promoter
coding region
terminator
non-gene
DNA

26. Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
fig 5.26
Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
The information in genes is what to make and when to make it.
Protein

27. When to make a protein is critical for proper development.

28. fig 21.7
Genes are replicators
(selfish gene)

29. Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.
fig 19.4
Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.

30. Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes

31. fig 21.8
Transposons

32. Transposons: mobile DNA
fig 21.9
Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
Transposons: mobile DNA

33. Barbara McClintock, discoverer of transposons
fig 21.8
Barbara McClintock, discoverer of transposons

34. Transposons: mobile DNA
fig 21.9
Genes are replicators (selfish gene)
Transposons: mobile DNA

35. Retrotransposons: mobile and self-replicating DNA
fig 21.9

36. fig 21.7
Genes are replicators
(selfish gene)

37. Next: How do your genes make you, you?
Discussions begin/began this week.
Homework #1 posted