1. Figure 9-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

5. Object is very far away Image at focal plane Image is smaller
Real image
Captured on film
Camera – scenic photography
Image at focal plane
Image is smaller
Image is inverted
Image is real

6. Object is closer but greater than 2 focal lengths
Portrait photography
Image further behind the lens
Image is larger than previous but smaller than object
Image is inverted
Image is real

7. Object is at 2 focal lengths
Image is 2x focal lengths behind the lens
Image is the same size as the object
Image is inverted
Image is real

8. Object is between 2x and 1x focal lengths
This describes the finite tube length objectives
Image is even further back behind the lens
Image is magnified
Image is inverted
Image is real

9. Object at front focal plane (with eyepiece)
The last case listed above describes the functioning of the observation eyepiece of the microscope. The "object" examined by the eyepiece is the magnified, inverted, real image projected by the objective. When the human eye is placed above the eyepiece, the lens and cornea of the eye "look" at this secondarily magnified virtual image and see this virtual image as if it were 10 inches from the eye, near the base of the microscope.
Rays emerge the lens in parallel
Image is on the same side of the lens
Image is upright
Image is virtual

10. What is the total magnification?

11. Resolution
Chuck Close: Cindy, 1988
Self Portrait/Woodcut, 2002

12. Abbe and the Resolution Limit
d: resolution
λ: wavelength
n.sinα: numerical aperture of objective
Ernst Abbe ( )

15. Part of opening angle wasted
Add Immersion Oil
Part of opening angle wasted
Objective
Light can not escape cover slip
Add immersion oil
Cover slip
Sample
Slide