1. Biological Effects of Chemical Explosions Week 2 lesson 3
A Couple of days ago we looked at the impact that natural explosions have on biological system. Today we will be looking at the impact that artificial chemical explosions have on the environment.

2. Biological Effects of Chemical Explosions
Explosions Week 2:Lesson 3
1. For this Computer Rotation, you will choose 7 of the explosions in this power point to analyze the biological effects on the environment. There are 15 different explosions you can choose from.
2. You are welcome to view all of the power points, but you will only need to choose 7 to write about.
3. You will need to find the worksheet labeled "Biological Effects of Chemical Explosions" for this assignment. It should be found in your notebook. 2

3. Explosions you can choose from: Choose 7
Halifax Explosion
Pearl Harbor
D-Day
Korean War
Rocket Explosions
Vietnam War
N1 Launch Explosion
8. Challenger Explosion 9. Oklahoma Bombing 10. Trade Center Bombing Iraq Invasion 12. MOAB Catano Oil Refinery 14.Afghanistan War 15. IED: Improvised Explosive Devise 3

4. 1a.  Halifax Explosion 1917
a.    On 6 December 1917 the SS Imo and SS Mont-Blanc
collided in the harbour of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
b.    Mont-Blanc carried 2,653 tonnes of various explosives,
mostly picric acid.
c.    After the collision the ship caught fire, drifted into
town and eventually exploded.
d.    More than 2,000 people were killed and much of
Halifax was destroyed.
e.    An evaluation of the explosion's force
       puts it at 2.9 kilotons TNT equivalent. 4

5. 2a. Bombing of Pearl Harbor 1941
1. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military attacked the was conducted by the JapaneseNavy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941
2. The base was attacked by 353 Japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers. 6

6. 2b. Bombing of Pearl Harbor 1941
a. Four U.S. Navy battleships were sunk (two of which were   
    raised and returned to service later in the war) and the four
    others present were damaged.
b.  The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three   destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,and one minelayer U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 men were killed and 1,282 wounded.
c. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building were not attacked.
d. The Japanese lost 29 aircraft and five midget submarines. 65 servicemen killed or wounded 7

7. 3a. D-Day 1944
 a. On June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which “we will accept nothing less than full victory.”
b. More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the invasion, and by day’s end, the Allies gained a foot-hold in France. The D-Day cost was high with more than 9,000 Allied soldiers killed or wounded as the march across Europe to defeat Hitler. 9

8. 4a. Korean War Explosives 1950's
Explosives used:
a. automatic rifles
b. mortars
c. rocket launchers
d. hand gerenades
e. B-29 aircraft bombs
Killed:
10 million people were killed during the
Korean War. 11

9. 6a. Vietnam War 1960's
a.The American Air Campaign was one of the largest in history.
b. Types of Explosives
    1. Napalm: Chemical Fire
    2. Submachine guns, pistols, artillary, gerenades, landmines,
    3. Aircraft bombs: Dumb Bombs, Fuel Air Bombs, Big Ball
        Bombs
c. Killed over 3 million people were killed including military and
   civilians. 14

10. 6b. Vietnam War 1960's 15

11. 7a. N1 Launch explosion 1969
On 3 July 1969, an N1 rocket in the Soviet Union exploded on the launch pad,
after a loose bolt was ingested into a fuel pump.
b. The entire rocket contained about 680,000 kg (680 t) of kerosene and 1,780,000
kg (1,780 t) of liquid oxygen.
c. The explosion was about the equal to 6.93 kilotons of TNT.
d.  This may be the largest artificial non-nuclear explosion in history. 17

12. 8a. Challenger Explosion 1986
The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on Tuesday, January 28, 1986.
The Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members.
The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean.
Disintegration of the entire rocket began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster failed at liftoff. 19

13. 9a. Oklahoma Bombing 1995
*The Oklahoma City bombing was a terrorist bomb attack on
the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown
Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995.
It was the most destructive act of terrorism on American soil until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The Oklahoma blast claimed 168 lives, including 19 children under the age of 6, and injured more than 680 people.
The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a sixteen-block radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings.
The bomb was estimated to have caused at least $652 million worth of damage. 21

14. 10a. Trade Center Bombing Sept 11, 2001
Actual final death total is 2645
Estimated total of deaths and injured is 3400 [This is based on body parts - some people have not been identified]
The official death toll has fluctuated frequently since two hijacked passenger planes were flown into the 110-storey twin towers of the World Trade Centre at a time when tens of thousands were normally in the vicinity of the lower Manhattan complex. 23

15. 11a. 2003 Invasion of Iraq Facts as of June 30, 2011
1. America attacked Iraq in response to the trade center attack in New York.
2. About $900 billion of US taxpayers' funds spent or approved for spending through November 2010
3. Troops in Iraq - Total 46,000 U.S. troops. All other nations have withdrawn their troops.
4. US Troops Wounded - 32,130, 20% of which are serious brain or spinal injuries.
5. U.S. Troop Casualties - 4,469 US troop
6. Iraqi Civilians Killed, Estimated - On October 22, 2010, ABC News reported "a secret U.S. government tally that puts the Iraqi (civilian) death toll over 100,000 25

16. 12a. MOAB 2007 Massive Ordinance Air Blast
1. The most powerful non-nuclear weapons ever designed are the United States' MOAB (standing for Massive Ordnance Air Blast, also nicknamed Mother Of All Bombs, tested in 2003)
2. The MOAB contains 18,700 lb (8.5 t) of the H6 explosive, which is 1.35 times as powerful as TNT, giving the bomb an approximate yield of kt.
3. It would require about 250 MOAB blasts to equal the Halifax Explosion. 27

17. 13a. 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire
On the morning of 23 October 2009 there was a major explosion at the gasoline tanks that was seen and heard from 50 miles (80 km) away and left a smoke plume with tops as high as 30,000 feet (9 km), caused a 3.0 earthquake and blew glass around the city. It was Extinguished on October 25. 29

18. 14a. Afghanistan War 2001-present
The War in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001.
Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base.
The United States also said that it would remove the Taliban regime from power and create a viable democratic state 31

19. 15a. Improvised Explosive Devise (IED)
An improvised explosive device (IED), also known as a roadside bomb, is a homemade bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action.
It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery round, attached to a detonating mechanism.
3. Causes extensive Brain Damage 33

20. Complete the written assignment and turn into instructor35