1. COMMUNICATION

2. Communication
The sending and receiving of a message.

3. Aspects of Communication (i)
Sender - the one who conveys the message to another person.
Message - the thought, idea, or emotion conveyed.
Channel - how the message is sent.

4. Aspects of Communication (ii)
Receiver - physiological/ psychological components.
Feedback - the receiver’s response to the sender.
Influences - Culture, education, emotions and other factors involved.

5. Methods of Communication
Verbal - Speaking, Listening, Writing, Reading.
Nonverbal - Gestures, Facial Expressions, Posture and Gait, Tone of Voice, Touch, Eye Contact, Body Position, Physical Appearance.

6. Influences on Communication
Age
Education
Emotions
Culture
Language
Attention
Surroundings

7. Congruency of Messages
Verbal and nonverbal communication must be congruent, or in agreement.

8. Listening and Observing
Listening and observing are two of the most valuable skills a nurse can have.
These two skills are used to gather the subjective and objective data for the nursing assessment.

9. Active Listening
The process of hearing spoken words and noting nonverbal behavior.
Active listening takes energy and concentration.

10. Therapeutic Communication
Sometimes called effective communication, it is purposeful and goal-oriented, creating a beneficial outcome for the client.

11. Goals of Therapeutic Communication
To obtain or provide information
To develop trust
To show caring
To explore feelings

12. Enhancing Communication
Self-Disclosure.
Caring.
Genuineness.
Warmth.
Active Listening.
Empathy (the capacity to understand another’s feelings).
Acceptance and respect.

13. Communication Techniques
Clarifying/validating.
Asking open questions.
Using indirect statements.
Reflecting.
Paraphrasing.
Summarizing.
Focusing.
Silence.

14. Barriers Communication
Some barriers include:
Closed questions.
False reassurance.
Judgmental responses.
Defensive reflex.
Agreeing/Disagreeing or Approving/ Disapproving.
Giving advice.
Requesting an explanation.
Changing the subject.

15. Nurse-Client Communication
Almost every nurse-client interaction should involve therapeutic communication.
Nurse-client communication is influenced by both the nurse and the client.

16. Three Phases of Nurse-Client Communication
Introduction: Fairly short; expectations clarified; mutual goals set
Working: Major portion of the interaction; used to accomplish goals outlined in introduction; feedback from client essential.
Termination: Nurse asks if client has questions; summarizing the topic is another way to indicate closure.

17. Determinant Factors in Communication
A nurse’s communication is affected by:
Past Experience
State of Health
Home Situation
Workload
Staff Relations
Self-Awareness

18. Determinant Factors in Communication
A client’s communication is affected by:
Social Factors
Religion
Family Situation
Level of Consciousness
Stage of Illness
Visual, Hearing and Speech Ability
Language Proficiency