1. Perspective on Processing
Cognitive Machine Learning
Perspective on Processing
Ko Youngkil

2. outline Level of Pricessing Transfer Appropriate Processing
Organization and Distinctiveness
The Encoding Specificity Principle
Context and Memory
The Process Dissociation Framework

3. Level of Processing (1/3)
Type of processing is more important than the underlying theoretical structure.
For assumption
Memory as the result of a series of analyses
The deeper the level, the more durable memory
Rehearsal is relatively unimportant
On processing rather than on structure
Hyde and Jenkins(1973)
Presence of the letter E or G
Noun or verb
Rate the frequency
How pleasant or unpleasant it was

4. Level of Processing (2/3)

5. Level of Processing (3/3)
Craik and Watkins(1973)
Maintenance rehearsal does not lead to improved memory
This result poses a problem for the modal model
Problem
No independent method for determining, whether process A is deeper or shallower than process B
Almost on encoding and little about retrieval

6. Transfer Appropriate Processing
Includes retrieval
Morris, Bransford, and Franks(1977)
A standard recognition test
A target word has been seen in previous
A rhyming recognition test
A word rhymed with one of the target words
No one type of processing is good for all tests.

7. Organization and Distinctiveness
Relationships among the information that is to be remembered in memory
Recall more words from a categorized list
Hunt (1981, 1993)
Organization emphasizes relational processing, item-specific processing emphasizes the particular to-be-remembered item.
Both are important

8. The Encoding Specificity Principle
The recollection of an event or a certain aspect of it depends on the interaction between the properties of the encoded event and the properties of the retrieval information.
Thomson & Tulving

9. Context and Memory (1/3) Smith(1979) Susukita(1934)
Basement room (18 words)
Soundproof booth (12 words)
Booth with reinstate (17.2 words)
Susukita(1934)
Something learned while calm cannot be recalled when in a state of shock, but can be recalled at a later time when calm is restored.

10. Context and Memory (2/3) Eich and Metcalfe(1989)
Experiment with a mood-manipulation
Recalled more words when their moods matched than when the moods were mismatched.

11. The Process Dissociation Framework
Separate the recollective process from the automatic process
Exclusion test : only automatic or incidental processes can contribute
Inclusion test : both processes are allowed to contribute

12. Q&A?
Thank you.