1. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

3. Introduction
Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

4. Motivational Concepts

5. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
At the heart of this perspective, is the motivation to survive - we are biologically programmed to survive.

6. Drives and Incentives
Drive-reduction theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

7. Drives and Incentives
Incentive a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior
Positive and negative
Homeostasis a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

10. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. Hunger

17. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Set point the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

18. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
Bulimia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Binge-eating disorder significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

19. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders

20. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

21. Obesity and Weight Control
Historical explanations for obesity
Obesity
Definition
Statistics
Obesity and life expectancy

22. Obesity

23. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity

24. Weight Discrimination

25. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells

26. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss
Social influence
Food consumption and activity level

27. Sexual Motivation

28. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Sexual response cycle the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson
–Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory Period a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

31. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

32. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

33. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

34. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

35. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs
xxx

36. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation

37. Theories of Emotion

39. What Is Emotion?
Emotion – A four-part process consisting of physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, and behavioral expression

40. Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

41. Theories of emotions
Cannon-Bard theory the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers

42. Theories of emotions
Two-factor theory theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
Schachter-Singer

43. Theories of emotions

44. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

45. Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions
Differences in brain activity
Amygdala
Frontal lobes
Nucleus accumbens
Polygraph a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

46. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

47. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

48. Experienced Emotion

49. Fear
Adaptive value of fear
The biology of fear
amygdala

50. Anger Anger Evoked by events Expressing anger can increase anger
Catharsis emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Expressing anger can increase anger

51. Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
Well-being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life

52. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison
Happiness and Prior Experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Happiness and others’ attainments
Relative deprivation the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

53. Happiness Predictors of Happiness

54. Stress and Health

55. Stress and Illness
Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

57. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases
–Alarm
Resistance
exhaustion

58. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

60. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles

61. Stress and the Heart
Coronary heart disease the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America
Type A versus Type B
Type A competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B easygoing, relaxed people

62. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Psychophysiological illnesses literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health