1. 5.5 Classification

2. Classification
For centuries, humans have been attempting to classify the various species on Earth in order to learn more about the species and their evolutionary history.
Classification attempts to group more related species together

3. Binomial system of Nomenclature
A “2 name” naming system that was designed by Carolus Linneaus in the 18th century.

4. Binomial Symstem of Nomeclature
Every species has a Latin name,
The first part of the name is the name of the genus, the second part is the species.
The name is printed in italics
If hand written, underline the name
The first letter of the genus is capitalized
The first letter of the species is not

5. Examples: Humans: Homo sapiens GENUS SPECIES
Dogs: Canis lupus familiaries
SUBSPECIES

6. Linnaeus’ system was largely based on morphology and is not the best way to classify organisms
(Modern methods use evolutionary relationships to classify organisms)
However, Linnaeus’ system is still the basis of how we name organisms today.

7. Hierarchy of Classification
We now use a seven level hierarchy of taxa to classify organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

8. King Phillip Coughs. Oh! Filthy Germs Spread!!!

9. Kingdoms Kingdoms are the broadest category
Originally there were only 2 Kingdoms: Plants and Animals
Today, we have identified 5

10. Modern Kingdoms Kingdom Plantae (plants) Kingdom Animalia (animals)
Kingdom Fungi (fungi and moulds)
Kingdom Protoctista (protozoa and algae – includes paramicium and amoebas)
Kingdom Prokaryotae (bacteria)

11. Ex: Humans KINGDOM Anamalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Prima
FAMILY
Hominidae
GENUS
Homo
SPECIES
sapiens

12. Ex: Garden Pea KINGDOM Plantae PHYLUM Angiospermae CLASS
Dicotyledoneae
ORDER
Rosales
FAMILY
Papilionaceae
GENUS
Pisum
SPECIES
sativum

13. Distinguish between the following phyla of plants using simple external recognition features

14. Bryophyta Mosses and liverworts
Small terrestrial plants that do not have true roots, stems or leaves (but may have similar structures)
Leaf-like structures arranged in a spiral
Usually live in clusters

16. Filicinophyta Ferns Have true leaves New leaves unroll
Have an underground creeping stem (called a rhizome)

18. Coniferophyta Conifers
Woody plants, with a single wooden trunk and side branches
Leaves are long thin needles and dark green
Produce seeds in cones

20. Angiospermophyta Angiosperms/ Flowering Plants Have flowers
Seeds are in ovaries with become the fruit
Leaves usually as a leaf blade and a leaf stalk, with veins visible on the lower surface

22. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features.

23. Porifera Sponges Most primitive animals with a simple body
Live in water
Do not move around
No mouth, but have small holes through which water is pumped into body and have be filtered for food before pumping out

25. Cnidaria Jellyfish and sea anemones Have stinging cells
Radially symmetrical
Have a gastro-vascular cavity (a hollow space in the centre of the body) with only one opening to the cavity
Often have tentacles around the opening

27. Plathyelminthes Flatworms
Soft flattened body with a definite head region
Bilateral symmetry
Gastro-vascular cavity
Usually one opening to cavity
Live in water or damp environments
Can be free-living or parasitic

29. Arthropoda Animals with jointed legs
Ex: insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Exoskeleton made of chitin (a polysaccharide)
Segmented body
Appendages to each segment
At least 3 pairs of legs
May be free living or parasitic

31. Annelida Worms and leeches Bodies of ring-like segments
Have a mouth and an anus
Live in water or moist soil
May be free living or parasitic
No legs
Bristles from body which help them move

33. Mollusca Snails, squids, clams, slugs Soft unsegmented bodies
May have a shell

35. Dichotomous Keys
Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms.
Keys are most commonly used to identify plants, insects, and birds.