1. COURSE OUTLINE, GRADING SYSTEM, POLICY, ETC
Phys 13e
General Physics 1
COURSE OUTLINE, GRADING SYSTEM, POLICY, ETC
Instructor: MARLON FLORES SACEDON
Doctor of Philosophy In Physics (Candidate)
Master of Physics
BS Civil Engineering
Website:

2. Course outline Credit: 4 units
COURSE NUMBER : Phys 13e COURSE TITLE : General Physics I
COURSE DESCRIPTION : Fundamental concepts on force; kinematics and dynamics of motion; work, energy & power; principle of conservation of mechanical energy; and Law of universal gravitations; rotational motions; Momentum; Fluid mechanics; Thermodynamics
Credit units : 6 hrs. per week
Credit: 4 units

3. To study and apply the LAWs OF physics in everyday life activities.
Course outline
OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE
To study and apply the LAWs OF physics in everyday life activities.

4. Course content
Chapter 1. UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, Chapter 2. vECTOR analysis Chapter 3. KINEMATICS: motion along straight line Chapter 4. kinematics: Motion in two and three Dimensions Chapter 3. DYNAMICS: Newton’s laws of motion Chapter 4. dynamics: uniform circular motion Chapter 5. WORK, ENERGY, POWER, and THE LAW of CONSERVATION OF mechanical ENERGY Chapter 6. MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS Chapter 7. FLUID MECHANICS

5. Course content
Chapter 8. thermodynamics Chapter 9. rotational equilibrium and rotational dynamics Chapter 10. gravitations Chapter 11 periodic motion Chapter 12 mechanical waves Chapter 13 fluid mechanics Chapter 14 thermodynamics

6. References 1. Young & Freedman 2013, UNIVERSITY PHYSICS w/ Modern Physics, 13th ed. 2. Giancoli, Douglas C., PHYSICS for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 2nd Ed. 3. Asperilla, Jose, et al. College Physics, Manila: Alemar. Phoenia Publishing House, Weber, White and Manning, et al. College Physics, New York: MacGraw-Hill. Book Co Resnick and Halliday, Physics, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc Smith and Cooper. Elements of Physics, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.:1972

7. Passing percentage: 60% Course outline Grading System:
Phys 13 Final Grades = 1/3 (midterm grade) + 2/3 (post midterm grade)
Term Grades = 1/3 (laboratory grade) + 2/3 (lecture grade)
Lecture grade = (obtain points from… quizzes + attendance + Exams) ÷ Total point x 100%
laboratory grade = (obtain points from… exams + Lab reports + physics research) ÷ Total point x 100%
Passing percentage: 60%

8. Lab activity format Total = 15 pts. Title of experiment
Objectives of experiment
List of apparatus
Experimental setup/ drawing
Data and results
Analysis and discussions
Conclusion
Answers to questions
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pts
3 pts
4 pts
2 pts
1 pt
Total = 15 pts.

9. Format: Physics research in mechanics
rationale [Introduction, review of literature, & objective]
methodology
Data and results
discussions
Conclusion
Literature cited

10. Course Requirements:
Grades in Math 13
Problem sets and assignments (Solutions to problem sets should be written on short size bond paper)

11. Classroom policy and other requirements:
Cellphones are not allowed during Exams.
Submit solutions to all Problem Sets & Assignments
NO REMOVAL EXAMS
Use BOND PAPER to all submitted requirements and YELLOW PAPER FOR exam solutions
Bring Scientific calculator every meeting and exams
Basics drawing instruments
Website:
(for Exam results, grades, downloads, and other information)

12. Introduction, Physical Quantities
Phys 13e
General Physics 1
Introduction, Physical Quantities
& Measurements
Prof. MARLON FLORES SACEDON
Department of Mathematics & Physics

13. “Physics is the study of interactions between particles.”
introduction
What is Physics?
FORCE
“Physics is the study of interactions between particles.”
Interaction of objects due to its masses is…
Interaction of objects due to its charges is…
FORCE
Classical electrodynamics
Classical mechanics
FORCE
FORCE
Thermodynamics
Quantum mechanics
FORCE
Quantum mechanics
Relativity
Relativity
The result of interaction is FORCE.
FORCE
Gravitational force
Chemical force
Electric force
etc
Magnetic force

14. objectives know the importance of Physics in everyday life
At the end of this module, the student will be able to…
know the importance of Physics in everyday life
differentiate accuracy and precision.
differentiate random errors from systematic errors.
the least count of basic measuring devices.
solve measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression of measurements in scientific notation.

15. introduction
Why study Physics?
“because everything we see, hear, & feel are subject matter belongs to physics”

16. introduction Nature of Physics Physics is an experimental science.
Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns and principles that relate these phenomena.
These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and of broad use, physical laws or principles
The development of physical theory requires creativity at every stage
The physicist has to learn to ask appropriate questions, design experiments, try to answer the questions, and draw appropriate conclusions from the results.

17. introduction Five Greatest Theory in Physics PHYSICS Mechanics
Relativity
Quantum Mechanics
CLASSICAL MECHANICS (sometimes called Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics): the theory of the motion of material objects.
CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS the theory of heat, temperature, and the behavior of large arrays of particles.
ELECTROMAGNETISM: the theory of electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic radiation.
RELATIVITY: the theory of in variance in nature and the theory of high-speed motion.
QUANTUM MECHANICS: the theory of the mechanical behavior of the submicroscopic world
Mechanics
Classical Mechanics
Electromagnetism
Thermodynamics

18. introduction Uses of Physics
There is physics in cooking food, in ironing clothes, in writing letters or in looking at mirrors. There is physics in running automobiles, calluses and trains. There is physics in the flight of airplanes and jet planes. Physics is present in the construction of roads, bridges, and buildings. Laws and principles of physics are used in practically every machine and everything we do. Physics plays an important role in transportation, communications, amusements, sports, industry and the home.

19. How to calculate the volume of the following…
Rectangular prism?
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 =𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝐻
Cylinder?
𝑉 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 =𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ
Sphere?
𝑉 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋 𝑟 3 3

20. Measurements
In dealing with physical quantities, the question "HOW LARGE?" or "HOW MUCH?"
is usually asked
and this leads to the process of MEASUREMENT
System of Measurements
Metric System:
CGS: centimeter-gram-second
MKS: meter-kilogram-second (SI units of International standard)
British/ English System
FPS: foot-pound-second

21. Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
Measurements
Fundamental units
Quantity and
Symbol
Name of Unit
and Symbol
Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
Length (L)
Meter (m)
The meter is the length equal to wavelength in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p10 and 5d3 of krypton – 86 atom.
Mass (m)
Kilogram (kg)
The kilogram is the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. The International prototype of the kilogram is a particular cylinder of platinum dridium alloy, which is preserved in a fault at Seyres, France, by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
Time (t)
Second (sec)
The second is the duration of periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the round state of caesium-133 atom.
Electric current (I)
Ampere (A)
The ampere is that constant current, which if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors, a force equal to 2 x 10-3 newton per meter length.

22. Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
Measurements
Fundamental units
Quantity and
Symbol
Name of Unit
and Symbol
Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
thermodynamic
temperature (T)
Kelvin (K)
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/ of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
Luminous intensity (Iv)
Candela (Cd)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600 square metre of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure is pascal.
Amount of substance
Mole (Mol)
The mole is the amount of substance in a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in kg of carbon 12.

23. Metric conversion units
Prefix
Symbol
Decimal Number
Power of Ten
yotta
zetta
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
BASE UNIT
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Femto
Atto
zepto
yocto Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m n p F a z y
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100 10 1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24

24. Metric and British/English system conversion units
Length
1 inch = m = 2.54 cm
1 foot = m = cm
1 yard = m
1 mile = 5,280 ft = km
1 nautical mile = 6,080 ft
Other useful equivalent
1 m = ft
12 in = 1 ft
3 ft = 1 yd
1 mi = km
5280 ft = 1 mi
1 acre = ft2
1 lb = 16 oz
1 ha = 404m2
1 ton = lb
1 lb = cc
1 kg = 2.2 lb
Mass
1 lb = kg = 454 g
1 metric ton = 1,000 kg.
1 slug = kg
Force
1 pound force = N
1 dyne = 10-5N
1 poundal = N

25. Measurements How to convert? 100 lb/ft3  g/cm3 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
Step 1: Recall the conversion factors needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3  g/cm3
Conversion factors:
1𝑙𝑏=454𝑔
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors
1𝑚=3.28𝑓𝑡
100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
𝑥 1𝑙𝑏 454𝑔
1𝑚=100𝑐𝑚

26. Measurements How to convert? 100 lb/ft3  g/cm3 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
Step 1: Recall the conversion factors needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3  g/cm3
Conversion factors:
1𝑙𝑏=454𝑔
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors
1𝑚=3.28𝑓𝑡
100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
𝑥 3.28𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
1𝑚=100𝑐𝑚

27. Measurements How to convert? 100 lb/ft3  g/cm3 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
Step 1: Recall the conversion factors needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3  g/cm3
Conversion factors:
1𝑙𝑏=454𝑔
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors
1𝑚=3.28𝑓𝑡
100 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑥 454𝑔 1𝑙𝑏
𝑥 𝑓𝑡 𝑚 3
𝑥 1𝑚 𝑐𝑚 3
1𝑚=100𝑐𝑚
Step 3: Finally, calculate the fractions
=1.60 𝑔 𝑐𝑚 3

28. Metric conversion units
Prefix
Symbol
Decimal Number
Power of Ten
yotta
zetta
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
BASE UNIT
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Femto
Atto
zepto
yocto Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m n p F a z y
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100 10 1
0.1
0.01
0.001
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
Example: 9,830 cm  km
10 −2 𝑚 1𝑐𝑚
9,830𝑐𝑚 𝑥 𝑥
1𝑘𝑚 𝑚
=9,830𝑥 10 [−2− 3 ] 𝑘𝑚
=9,830𝑥 10 −5 𝑘𝑚
= 𝑘𝑚
=𝟗.𝟖𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝒌𝒎

29. 1,723 mg  kg 0.8206 MW  KW 17.28 x 105 f  f 1723 mg  kg
Assignment
1,723 mg  kg
MW  KW
17.28 x 105 f  f
1723 mg  kg
in  ft
tons  lb
mi/hr  ft/s
lb/ft3  g/cm3

30. Measurements Significant figure
Rules in Determining Significant Figures:
All nonzero digits are significant: 112.8oC have four significant figures.
All zeros between two nonzero digits are significant: m has six significant figures.
Zero to the right of a nonzero digit, but to the left of an understood decimal point, are not significant unless specifically indicated to be significant. The rightmost a bar placed above it indicates such, zero who is significant,: 109,000 km contains three significant figures: 109,0 0 0 contains five significant figures.
All zeros to the right of a decimal point but to the left of a nonzero digit are not significant: kg has three significant figures.
All zeros to the right of a decimal point and following a nonzero digit are significant: cm and cm each has four significant figures.

31. Measurements Rounding off numbers
Rule for rounding. If the first digit to be dropped in rounding is 4 or less, the preceding digit is not changed; if it is 6 or more, the preceding digit is raised by 1. If the digits to be dropped in rounding are a 5 followed by digits other than zeros, 1 raises the proceeding digit. If the digits to be dropped in rounding are a 5 followed by zeros (or if the digit is exactly 5), the preceding digit is not changed if it is even; but if it is odd, it is raised by 1.

32. Problem set #1: measurements

33. Problem set #1: measurements

34. Measurements Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate. In this case, your measurement is not close to the known value.
Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the example above, if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then your measurement is very precise. Precision is independent of accuracy. You can be very precise but inaccurate, as described above. You can also be accurate but imprecise.
For example, if on average, your measurements for a given substance are close to the known value, but the measurements are far from each other, then you have accuracy without precision.
A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player shooting baskets. If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to or into the basket. If the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the same location which may or may not be close to the basket. A good player will be both accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same way each time and each time making it in the basket.

35. Measurements Random error and systematic error
Measurement errors can be divided into two components: Random Error and Systematic Error.
A random error is associated with the fact that when a measurement is repeated, it will generally provide a measured value that is different from the previous value. It is random in that the next measured value cannot be predicted exactly from previous such values. (If a prediction were possible, allowance for the effect could be made). In general, there can be a number of contributions to each type of error.
A systematic error (an estimate of which is known as a measurement bias) is associated with the fact that a measured value contains an offset. In general, a systematic error, regarded as a quantity, is a component of error that remains constant or depends in a specific manner on some other quantity.

36. Measurements Random error and systematic error
Two types of systematic error can occur with instruments having a linear response:
Offset or zero setting error in which the instrument does not read zero when the quantity to be measured is zero.
Multiplier or scale factor error in which the instrument consistently reads changes in the quantity to be measured greater or less than the actual changes.

37. Measurements Calculating percent difference or percent error
% Diff or % Error = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑥100%
% Diff or % Error = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑥100%
Note: %Diff or % Error should be less than 10%

38. Least count of measuring device
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. Measured values are good only up to this value.
What is the Least Count of metric rule? ? ?

39. Least count of measuring device
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. Measured values are good only up to this value.
What is the Least Count of metric rule?
Least count of metric rule (Lc) = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
0.1 cm
𝐿𝑐= 1𝑐𝑚 10 =0.1 𝑐𝑚
0.1 cm

40. Least count of measuring device
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. Measured values are good only up to this value.
What is the Least Count of metric rule?
What’s the reading?

41. Least count of measuring device
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. Measured values are good only up to this value.
What is the Least Count of metric rule?
8.5 cm X
8.50 cm
because the least count is 0.l cm…

42. Least count of measuring device
What is the Least Count of Vernier caliper?
Fixed scale or

43. Least count of measuring device
What is the Least Count of Vernier caliper?
Point of coincidence
Fixed scale reading = 0.70 cm
Vernier scale reading = 0.05 cm
Fixed scale
FINAL READING = 0.75 cm
Vernier scale
What’s the reading?
Least count of vernier caliper (Lc) = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Fixed scale
Vernier scale
𝐿𝑐= 1𝑐𝑚/ =0.01 𝑐𝑚

44. Least count of measuring device
What is the Least Count of Micrometer caliper?
Least count of Micrometer caliper (Lc) = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑐= 5𝑚𝑚/10 50
=0.01 𝑚𝑚
=0.001 𝑐𝑚

45. Least count of measuring device
What is the Least Count of Micrometer caliper?
Sleeve reading = mm mm
Thimble reading = mm
Interpolation = mm
FINAL READING = mm
Least count of Micrometer caliper (Lc) = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑐= 5𝑚𝑚/10 50
=0.01 𝑚𝑚
=0.001 𝑐𝑚

46. Least count of measuring device
So, which of the three measuring devices is more accepted?
Metric rule
Lc = 0.1 cm
Vernier caliper
Lc = 0.01 cm
Micrometer caliper
Lc = cm
Therefore, the smaller the least count the more accepted is the device.

48. Lab activity REPORT format
Title of experiment
Objectives of experiment
List of apparatus
Experimental setup/ drawing
Data and results
Analysis and discussions
Conclusion
Answers to questions

49. eNd