1. Respiratory System Objectives:
Describe the structure of the respiratory system
Analyze the function of the respiratory system
Identify characteristics and treatment of common respiratory disorders

2. Respiratory System
Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

3. Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

4. Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum=divides nasal cavities into R and L sides
Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles.

5. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
Why do we have nose hair?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

6. Sinuses- cavities in the skull
Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air
Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

7. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
Provide resonance to the voice
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

8. Pharynx Pharynx The throat Common passageway for air and food 5” long
When food is swallowed, the Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the lungs
Pharynx

9. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx
Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

10. Meet the Larynx Larynx- voice box Triangular chamber below the pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords
Epiglottis covers larynx during swallowing
Adam’s apple
Produces sound
Made of cartilage fibrous plates

11. Meet the Trachea Windpipe. 4 ½ in. long.
Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open and more rigid
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

12. Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next?
Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus
Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as braonches enter lungs
Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs

13. Alveoli
Clusters of thin-walled sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

14. Lovely Lungs Fill the thoracic cavity Upper part=apex Lower part=base
Lung tissue porous and spongy –it floats
R lung=larger and shorter displaced by the liver and has 3 lobes
L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2 lobes

15. Pretty Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the lungs.
Double walled sac.
Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.

16. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ.
Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

17. Test your gray matter….. Alveoli Larynx Pleura Speech Trachea
What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production?
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?
The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called:
What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage?
The windpipe is referred to as the:
The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of:
Each lung is divided into two or three parts called:
When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called:
Alveoli
Larynx
Pleura
Speech
Trachea
Rings of Cartilage
Lobes
Bronchi

18. The medical name for the throat is the:
The partition that separated the nose into right and left cavities is the:
The medical name for the throat is the:
Pharynx
Septum

19. That’s all for now….

20. Function of the Respiratory System
External respiration, internal respiration , and cellular respiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)

21. Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Inspiration Inhalation
Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

22. Pulmonary Ventilation
Expiration
Opposite action takes place.
Exhalation is a passive process

23. Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration=1 respiration
Normal adult = 14-20
Respirations per minute
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Age-newborm= 40-60/min
Sleep= respiration 
Emotion can  or  rate

24. Coughing
Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract
Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

25. Sneezing
Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract
Yawning
Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

26. Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors.
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata
 on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm
Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

27. Test your gray matter CO2 level in blood Filtering in the air
Respirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of:
Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing?
Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of:
The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about:
Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs?
Start with larynx
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?
The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called:
Carbon dioxide in the blood
CO2 level in blood
Filtering in the air
14-20
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Inspiration
Speech

28. Respiratory Disorders

29. Common Cold Contagious viral respiratory infection
Contributing factors- chilling fatigue,poor nutrition, and not enough sleep
Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Good handwashing best prevention.
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

30. Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat
Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice box
Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

31. Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi
Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal paina nd rales (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

32. Influenza (Flu) Viral infection of upper respiratory tract
Symptoms-Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Rx – treat the symptoms

33. Pneumonia Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus
Alveoli fill with thick fluid
Symptoms- chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Diagnosis- x-ray and listening to lungs
Rx- O2 and antibiotics

34. Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung disease
Tubercles (lesions) forms in the lungs
Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats
Diagnosis- TB skin test
If skin test positive-follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample
RX- Antibiotic

35. Terms to know: Apnea – Temporary stoppage of breathing movements.
Dyspnea – difficult, labored, or painful breathing.
Tachypnea – an abnormally rapied and shallow rate of breathing.
Eupnea – normal or easy breathing with the usual quiet inhalations and exhalations.
Hyperpnea – An increase in the depth and rate of breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of resp. movement.
Orthopena – difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position.
Hyperventilation – a condition that can be caused by disease or stress. Rapid breathing occurs which causes the body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly.

36. Tuberculosis
Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States. TB

37. Asthma Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.

38. Emphysema
Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
Emphysema
RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

39. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, sputum production and wheezing. It's caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and variety of other conditions. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD. 
Treatment includes: Stop smoking, Bronchodilators, Inhaled steroids,
Oral steroids.

40. Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung. Pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses.
Treatment: If a larger area of your lung has collapsed, it's likely that a needle or chest tube will be used to remove the air. The hollow needle or tube is inserted between the ribs into the air-filled space that is pressing on the collapsed lung. Surgery may be possible,

41. Sinusitis
nflammation of the lining membrane in any of the hollow areas (sinuses) of the skull around the nose.
Treatment: he common symptoms of sinusitis include headache; facial tenderness or pain; fever; cloudy, discolored nasal drainage; a feeling of nasal stuffiness; sore throat; and cough. Acute sinusitis is usually treated with antibiotic therapy. Chronic forms of sinusitis require long courses of antibiotics and may require a sinus drainage procedure.

42. Test your gray matter…
Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US?
Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from:
Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity?
A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is:
Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease?
In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses?
The two main causes of pneumonia are:
John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing:
Laryngitis
Emphysema TB
Common cold
Bacteria + Virus TB
Emphysema
Asthma

43. The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is:
Influenza is caused by a :
Virus
Cigarette Smoking