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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 31 Table of Contents Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates
Chapter 31
Table of Contents
Section 1 Echinoderms
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates

4. Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Objectives
Compare the developmental pattern found in protostomes with that found in deuterostomes.
Describe the major characteristics of echinoderms.
Summarize how the sea star’s water vascular system functions.

5. Chapter 31 Animal Development
Section 1 Echinoderms
Animal Development
As an embryo develops, it goes through a gastrula stage. A gastrula has an opening to the outside called the blastopore.
Animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore are called protostomes.
In phylums Echinodermata and Chordata, the anus—not the mouth—develops from or near the blastopore. (The mouth forms later, on another part of the embryo.) Animals with this pattern of development are called deuterostomes.

6. Patterns of Embryonic Development
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Patterns of Embryonic Development

7. Animal Development, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Animal Development, continued
The first deuterostomes were marine echinoderms that evolved more than 650 million years ago. They were also the first animals to develop an endoskeleton.
Like the echinoderms, chordates have an internal skeleton. This developmental similarity unites these seemingly dissimilar animal phyla.
The identity of the ancestral deuterostome is not known.

8. Animal Development, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Animal Development, continued
This phylogenetic tree shows the relationship of the major chordate and echinoderm groups.

9. Characteristics of Echinoderms
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Characteristics of Echinoderms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

10. Chapter 31 Modern Echinoderms
Section 1 Echinoderms
Modern Echinoderms
Many of the most familiar animals seen along the seashore—sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars—are echinoderms.
Echinoderms have a calcium-rich endoskeleton composed of individual plates called ossicles.
All echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae. During their development into adults, the larvae’s body plan becomes radially symmetrical.

11. Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Pentaradial Symmetry

12. Modern Echinoderms, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Modern Echinoderms, continued
Echinoderms have a waterfilled system of interconnected canals and thousands of tiny hollow tube feet called a water-vascular system.
The echinoderm body cavity functions as a simple circulatory and respiratory system.
Skin gills are small, fingerlike projections that grow among the echinoderm’s spines. These projections create an increased surface area through which respiratory gases can be exchanged.

13. Chapter 31 Water Vascular System Section 1 Echinoderms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

14. Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Anatomy of a Sea Star

15. Chapter 31 Anatomy of a Sea Star Section 1 Echinoderms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

16. Chapter 31 Types of Echinoderms Section 1 Echinoderms
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

17. Chapter 31 Echinoderm Diversity Sea Stars
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity
Sea Stars
Almost all species of sea stars are carnivores, and they are among the most important predators in many marine ecosystems.
The ossicles of many species of sea stars produce pincerlike structures called pedicellaria.
Pedicellaria contain their own muscles and nerves, and they snap at anything that touches them. This action prevents small organisms from attaching themselves to the surface of the sea star.

18. Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Brittle Stars
The sea star’s relatives, the brittle stars and sea baskets, make up the largest class of echinoderms.
Brittle stars have slender branched arms that they move in pairs to row along the ocean floor.
Although a few species are predators, most brittle stars are filter feeders or feed on food in the ocean sediment.

19. Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
The sea lilies and feather stars are the most ancient and primitive living echinoderms.
They differ from all other living echinoderms because their mouth is located on their upper, rather than lower, surface.
Sea lilies are sessile and are attached to the ocean floor by a stalk. Feather stars use hooklike projections to attach themselves directly to the ocean bottom or a coral reef.

20. Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
The sea urchins and sand dollars lack distinct arms but have the basic five-part body plan seen in other echinoderms.
Both sea urchins and sand dollars have a hard, somewhat flattened endoskeleton of fused plates covered with spines protruding from it.
Sea urchins are found on the ocean bottoms while sand dollars live in sandy areas along the sea coast.

21. Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Sea Cucumbers
Sea cucumbers are soft-bodied, sluglike animals without arms. They differ from other echinoderms in that their ossicles are small and are not fused together.
The sexes of most sea cucumbers are separate, but some species are hermaphrodites.
Sea cucumbers feed by trapping tiny organisms present in the sea water. Their mouth is surrounded by several dozen tube feet modified into tentacles.

22. Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Chapter 31
Section 1 Echinoderms
Echinoderm Diversity, continued
Sea Daisies
In 1986, a new class of echinoderm was discovered: strange diskshaped little animals called sea daisies.
Sea daisies have five-part radial symmetry but no arms.
Their tube feet are located around the edges of the disk rather than along the radial lines, like they are in other echinoderms.

23. Chapter 31 Objectives Describe the characteristics of chordates.
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Objectives
Describe the characteristics of chordates.
Define the term invertebrate chordate.
Compare tunicates and lancelets.

24. Chapter 31 The Chordate Skeleton
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
The Chordate Skeleton
The second major group of deuterostomes are the chordates. Chordates have a very different kind of endoskeleton from that of echinoderms.
During the development of the chordate embryo, a stiff rod called the notochord develops along the back of the embryo.
Using muscles attached to this rod, early chordates could swing their backs from side to side, enabling them to swim through the water.

25. The Chordate Skeleton, continued
Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
The Chordate Skeleton, continued
Other Chordate Characteristics
Chordates have a single, hollow, dorsal nerve cord with nerves attached to it that travel to different parts of the body.
Chordates also have a series of pharyngeal pouches that develop in the wall of the pharynx, the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the digestive tract and windpipe.
Another chordate characteristic is a postanal tail, which is a tail that extends beyond the anus.

26. Chapter 31 Parts of a Chordate Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

27. Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Lancelet Interior

28. Chapter 31 Anatomy of a Lancelet Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

29. Invertebrate Chordates
Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Invertebrate Chordates
The vast majority of chordate species belong to subphylum Vertebrata.
Two other subphyla, Urochordata (the tunicates) and Cephalochordata (the lancelets), contain a small number of species.
Because members of these two subphyla are chordates that do not have backbones, they are called invertebrate chordates.

30. Characteristics of Invertebrate Chordates
Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Characteristics of Invertebrate Chordates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

31. Invertebrate Chordates, continued
Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Invertebrate Chordates, continued
Tunicates
Most adult tunicates are sessile, filter-feeding marine animals. A tough sac, called a tunic, develops around the adult’s body and gives tunicates their name.
Cilia beating within the tunicate cause water to enter the incurrent siphon. As water passes through the slits in the pharynx, food is filtered from it and passed into the stomach.
All tunicates are hermaphrodites, and some are also able to reproduce asexually by budding.

32. Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Adult Tunicate

33. Chapter 31 Anatomy of a Tunicate Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

34. Invertebrate Chordates, continued
Chapter 31
Section 2 Invertebrate Chordates
Invertebrate Chordates, continued
Lancelets
Lancelets receive their name from their bladelike shape. Although lancelets may resemble fish, they are not fish.
The lancelets V-shaped bundles of muscles are arranged in a series of repeating segments.
Lancelets feed on microscopic protists that they filter out of the water. Unlike tunicates, the sexes are separate in lancelets.

35. Chapter 31 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
The diagram below shows a vertical cross section of an adult tunicate. Use the diagram to answer questions 1–3.

36. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. This organism is in the same phylum as
A. sea anemones.
B. sea cucumbers.
C. sponges.
D. humans.

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. This organism is in the same phylum as
A. sea anemones.
B. sea cucumbers.
C. sponges.
D. humans.

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which chordate characteristic does this organism have as an adult?
F. pharyngeal slits
G. dorsal nerve cord
H. notochord
J. postanal tail

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which chordate characteristic does this organism have as an adult?
F. pharyngeal slits
G. dorsal nerve cord
H. notochord
J. postanal tail

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the significance of the relationship between structures A and B?
A. B releases undigested food into the water that leaves the body through A.
B. B releases gametes into the water that leaves the body through A.
C. B collects food from the water that enters the body through A.
D. B extracts oxygen from the water that enters the body through A.

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 31
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the significance of the relationship between structures A and B?
A. B releases undigested food into the water that leaves the body through A.
B. B releases gametes into the water that leaves the body through A.
C. B collects food from the water that enters the body through A.
D. B extracts oxygen from the water that enters the body through A.