1. CPL Air Law
ATC Chapters 3

2. Aim
To review rules of the air & conditions in which flight may be conducted

3. Objectives Review operations at uncontrolled aerodromes
Review navigation requirements
To identify the minimum documents for flight
Illustrate right of way rules in the air
Define VMC
Identify altimetry requirements for flight
Identify various operational air law requirements

4. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Carriage of radio
Which aerodromes require a radio?
CERT
REG
MIL
Details found in?
ERSA
What defines ‘in the vicinity of’?
Within 10nm of an aerodrome & below 2000 AGL (CAR 166, AIP Gen 2.2)

5. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Broadcasts & Advisories
Required broadcasts at an uncontrolled aerodrome include?
Taxi
Entering/crossing a runway
Taking off/rolling
Vacated and clear of runways
Joining the circuit
Carrying out a straight in approach at least 3nm prior
Inbound to aerodrome at least 10nm prior (preferably 15nm)
Transiting ‘in the vicinity of’ the aerodrome
(AIP ENR 1.1 para 20, CAR 166C)
Pilots of radio equipped aircraft must listen out and announce if in potential conflict. Pilots who are in conflict must acknowledge these broadcasts
(AIP ENR 1.1 para 43.1)

6. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Circuit operations (CAR 166A)
Default circuit direction & CTAF is?
Left hand (unless stated in ERSA), Mhz
Max speed?
200kts
Circuit height?
500ft low power, 1000ft medium, 1500ft high power aircraft
Overfly height generally at least 500ft above circuit altitude
___________________________________________________________
The pilot must maintain a lookout for aircraft
The pilot joins the circuit, he/she must ensure all turns are made in the same direction as the designated circuit (para 1d)
The pilot must maintain runway track on takeoff until 500ft above terrain (para 1f)
However under para 4, the above does not apply is a change in track is required to avoid terrain
The pilot must take-off & land into wind (para 1h)

7. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Straight in approach (CAR 166B, ENR 1.1 para 47.6)
The pilot must determine wind direction prior to arrival (CAR 166B para 2a)
The above does not apply if in accordance with an Instrument approach (CAR 166B para 3)
Aircraft lights turned on along with Transponder

8. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Arrival & Departure to uncontrolled aerodrome
Arrivals
Pilot should overfly at 2000ft AGL
Descend on dead side of runway
Join appropriate leg of circuit (crosswind, mid field crosswind)
Arriving on live side downwind from 45 degrees
Final approach turned no lower than 500ft
Departures
Depart by extending one particular leg
Turns not made contrary to circuit unless at overfly height of 3nm away
Going-Around
Maneuver to dead side to keep runway visible
Re-join circuit for another approach

9. 1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes
Take-off:
The preceding aircraft must have:
Crossed the upwind end of runway
Commenced a turn (eg: crosswind)
at least 1800m ahead
MTOW <7000kg, & following a/c <2000kg, both aircraft at 600m apart
Landing and vacating runway
Landed & holding short of current runway in use
Landing:
The preceding aircraft landing must have:
Vacated & taxiing off runway in use (without backtracking)
Landed past a point 1000m from threshold (<7000kg)
ATC considers there to b no collision risk

10. 2.Review navigation requirements
Hemispherical levels & Tracking
VFR EVEN
Altitudes
PLUS 500’
0000
VFR ODD
List hemispherical levels?
West, ODD + 500ft
East, EVEN + 500ft
Not required below 5000ft
Separation from Controlled Airspace?
Altitude
Day
Night
0 – 2000ft
+- 1nm
+-2 nm ft
+- 2nm
+- 3nm ft
+- 4nm
+- 5nm
Gliders
n/a
NDB
+- 6.9o
VOR
+- 5.2o
Dead Reckoning
+- 12o

11. 3.Minimum documents for flight
Documents on Australian aircraft (CAR 139)
A pilot of an Australian aircraft must have on board:
Certificate of Registration
Certificate of Airworthiness
Maintenance Release
Licenses/Medical of flight crew
Aircraft Flight Manual
Manifest of passengers detailing names, places of embarkation & destination
Manifests of cargo
However if operating in Australia, does not require rego, airworthiness, radio license, manifests

12. 3.Minimum documents for flight
On Board Maps & Charts (AIP GEN 0.1)
AIP GEN 0.1 paragraph 9 & CAR 233 (para 1h)
A pilot must have access to appropriate flight charts
VFR: ERC, WAC, VNC, VTC, ERSA
IFR: ERC, IAL charts, ERSA, alternates, WAC, VNC, VTC

13. 4. Rules of the air Right of way (CAR 161 & 162 para 1)
If 2 aircraft on converging headings, the pilot must give way to the right.
However this is not the case where:
Power driven aircraft shall give way to gliders/airships/balloons
Airships shall give way to gliders & balloons
Gliders shall give way to balloons
Power driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft conducting towing

14. 4. Rules of the air Right of way (CAR 162) para 2
Should 2 aircraft approach head on, both aircraft shall turn right.

15. 4. Rules of the air Right of way (CAR 162) para 3
An aircraft being over taken as right of way.
The overtaking aircraft must do so by manoeuvring to the right until clear of the other aircraft
The aircraft overtaking must do so without climbing or descending

16. 4. Rules of the air Right of way (CAR 162) para 5 & 6 Para 5
Aircraft in flight or operating on the ground shall give way to aircraft on final
Para 6
When 2 powered aircraft are on final approach, the higher aircraft must give way to the lower aircraft.
However pilots shall not take advantage by using this as a method to cut in front of aircraft on final approach

17. 5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class G
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below, 1500m horizontally
’000ft
5km
< 3000ft AMSL or < 1500AGL
Clear of cloud

18. 5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class C
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below, 1500m horizontally
< 10’000ft
5km
*Special VFR also permitted

19. 5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
Class D
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
Within defined dimensions
5km
600m horizontal
500ft below cloud
1000ft above cloud
*Special VFR permitted
CLASS E
Altitude
Visibility
Cloud Separation
> 10’000ft
8km
1000ft above & below, 1500m horizontally
< 10’000ft
5km
*Special VFR also permitted

20. 5. Visual Meteorological Cond.
What about Class A airspace?
Separation as required by ATC
VFR not permitted
SVFR VMC in Class D or C airspace:
Day
Clear of cloud
Vis 1.6km
Special VFR not permitted in Class E
Only permitted upon pilot REQUEST

21. 6. Altimetry. Altimetry (ENR 1.7) Para 1.3
VFR altimeters should read within ft to be serviceable
VFR altimeters not permitted above FL200 (ie- Class A airspace)
Accurate QNH sources are considered to be from ATIS, Tower, AWIS.
QNH by Area of Terminal forecasts are not to be considered.
Transition Altitude/Level (para 2.1)
Allows aircraft to fly with a standardised Baro QNH setting
Uses 1013hPa
Transition Altitude 10’000ft, Transition Level FL110
Flight within the Transition layer is not permitted
Within 100nm of a QNH source set the QNH
Beyond 100nm set Area QNH

22. 6. Altimetry.
Altimetry (ENR 1.7) .

23. 6. Altimetry. Altimetry (ENR 1.7) Area QNH para 2.2
Area QNH valid for 3hrs & applies within the prescribed area
Area QNH is accurate to +- 5hPa
Local QNH para 2.3
Local QNH can be determined from ATS, ATIS, AWIS, Terminal Forecast
When Area QNH < hPa, FL110 is not available

24. 7. Operations Low Flying (CAR 157)
Aircraft must not be flown lower than 1000ft over a built up area
Aircraft must not be flown lower than 500ft in any other area
Laterally an aircraft must not be flown closer than 600m to an obstacle/terrain
The above is not the case where:
An aircraft be taking off or landing
Thru stress of weather a lower altitude is required
Search & rescue ops being conducted
Dropping of supplies

25. 7. Operations Aerobatic flights (CAR 155) Public gatherings (CAR 156):
Aerobatics are not permitted at night
Aerobatics are not permitted is anything other than VMC
The aircraft must be certified & airworthy for aerobatics
Aerobatics to be conducted above 3000ft, not over a built up area, with a separation of 600m horizontal
Public gatherings (CAR 156):
Pilots must not fly over public gatherings or events (eg: races)
Unless with permission from casa (eg: a news helicopter)

26. 7. Operations Smoking (CAR 255) Fire Hazards (CAR 289):
Smoking is not prohibited:
During takeoff, landing, or refuelling
In which a notice is displayed indicating smoking is prohibited
Within aircraft toilets
During any period of time the pilot deems necessary
Fire Hazards (CAR 289):
No one shall produce a naked flame within 15meters of an aircraft or in any part of an aerodrome in which a notice indicates
A person shall not act in any way to create a fire hazard

27. 7. Operations Alcohol & Drugs (CAR 256, CASR 99)
A person intoxicated shall not embark an aircraft
A flight crew member shall not act under duty if having consumed alcohol or be under the influence
A pilot shall not fly if within 8 hrs alcohol has been consumed
BAC limit of 0.02% after 8 hours (CASR 99)

28. 7. Operations Carriage & Discharge of firearms (CAR 143,144)
A pilot must not carry a firearm unless engaged in Charter or RPT
A pilot must not discharge his firearm whilst on board
Permission is required from CASA
ONLY JOHN RAMBO CAN DISCHARGE FIRE ARMS

29. Return to start point of aerodrome
7. Operations
Safety Signals (CAR 194)
Pilots shall transmit a Safety Signal when safety is concerned.
Safety signal shall consists of:
TTT ( )
If radio can be transmitted repeat the word “SECURITY” 3 times
Eg: in the event of spotting a fire
AIP AD – Light Signals:
Light Signal
Meaning in flight
Meaning on ground
Solid Green
Land if safe to do so
Take off if safe to do
Solid Red
Give way & circle
STOP
Flashing Green
Return for landing
Taxi if safe to do so
Flashing Red
DON’T LAND unsafe
Taxi clear of runway
Flashing White
n/a
Return to start point of aerodrome

30. 7. Operations Precaution before take-off CAR 244
Immediately before take-off the pilot shall check
All control surfaces for full free and correct movement
All control locks have been removed
Any frost/ice has been removed

31. Questions?