1. PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS
PRIMATE FAMILY
PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS

2. Primate classification
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum: Chordate
Subphylum
Vertebrates
Class: Mammals
Order: Primates

3. THE POSSIBLE ANCESTOR -TYPE OF THE PRIMATES
TREE SHREW
THE POSSIBLE ANCESTOR -TYPE OF THE PRIMATES
Generalized Traits

4. PROSIMIANS Aye-aye Galago Unit: Female-offspring Ring-tailed lemur
Indri
Unit: Multi male/multi-female
Tarsier

5. PRIMATE TRENDS 5 DIGITS GRASPING / OPPOSABLE THUMB & BIG TOE NO CLAWS
TACTILE PADS
STEREOSCOPIC VISION & TOUCh OVER SMELL
Rotating Forearm / DEVELOPED CLAVICLE
Arboreal adaptation

6. PRIMATE TRENDS, cont. INVESTMENT COMPLEXITY &SIZE PARENTAL
INCREASES (K-Strategy)
BRAIN Increases -
COMPLEXITY &SIZE
SOCIALITY –
SELECTIVE
ADVANTAGE

7. PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont.
REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF TEETH
SPECIALIZED TEETH
(heterodont)

8. PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont.
INCREASED BIRTH EFFICIENCY
LONG GESTATIONAL PERIOD
REDUCED LITTER SIZE
INCREASED INFANT DEPENDENCY
INCREASED COMPLEXITY IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
HEMOCHORIAL PLACENTA
LONGER DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
FLEXIBLE INELLIGENCE

9. PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont.
*BRAIN INCREASES IN SIZE
*AND COMPLEXITY
*SMELLING REDUCED
*STEREOSCOPIC VISION
*REDUCTION IN SNOUT AND FACE
*EYES ROTATED FORWARD
*POST-ORBITAL BAR/SOCKET

10. PROSIMIANS Grooming claws Nocturnal & Diurnal Scent marking
Aye-ayes rodents?
Leaping & clinging
Tarsiers turn heads 180 degrees
Have tails

11. BUSHBABIES

12. Prosimians, cont. SIFAKAS

13. NEW WORLD MONKEYS: CEBIDS or Platyrrhine
- PREHENSILE TAIL
- BRACHIATORS
- ROUND NOSTRILS
- NOT CONSIDERED
ANCESTRAL TO MAN
-3 PREMOLARS

14. OLD WORLD PRIMATE CHARACTERISTICS
NARROW SEPTUM
AND SHARP NOSE (CATARRHINE NOSE)
TERRESTRIAL
AND ARBOREAL
TYPES
ISHIALCALLOSITIES
GREATER SEXUAL
DIMORPHISM IN
TERRESTRIALS
FEMALE SEXUAL SKIN MANY OMNIVOROUS SOME CHEEK POUCHES TAILS – not prehensile

15. OLD WORLD MONKEYS CATTARRHINES
CERCOPITHECOIDEA
Colobus monkeys
Hamadryas Baboon
Japanese Macaques
Rhesus monkeys

16. SNOW MONKEYS Young females were the most
innovative, venturing into the
water first and learning to
wash their food.
Enculturation
continues.

17. SNOW MONKEYS: Multimale
BESIDES HUMANS, NO OTHER PRIMATE IS FOUND SO FAR NORTH
AS THE JAPANESE MACAQUES.

18. BABOONS SAVANNA BABOON GROOMING SAVANNA BABOONS HAMYDRYAS BABOON FANG
SAVANNA BABOON TROOP : Multi-male
DISPLAY: Harem

19. GREAT APES GIBBONS AND SIAMANGS (LESSER) ORANGUTANS
CHIMPANZEES AND BONOBOS
GORILLAS
HUMANS

20. GIBBONS / SIAMANGS
BRACHIATION
MONOGAMOUS PAIR

21. ORANGUTANS Males usually solitary

22. GORILLAS (studied by Dian Fossey)
Tailless
Vegetarian
Knuckle-walkers
PROMISCUOUS
MULTIMALE /
MULTIFEMALE
LED BY
SILVERBACK
MALE

23. CHIMPANZEES TOOL USE OMNIVORES (BUT MOSTLY FRUIT) COOPERATIVE HUNTING
PROMISCUOUS: Multimale/multifemale
Knuckle-walkers
Tailless

24. BONOBOS (pygmy chimps)
LACKS TAIL, KNUCKLE WALKER
FEMALE CENTERED SOCIETY
EGALITARIAN
SUBSTITUTES SEX FOR AGGRESSION
OMNIVOROUS (But mostly fruit)

25. KNUCKLE –WALKING VS. BIPEDALISM

26. PRIMATE BEHAVIOR TERMS
Grooming, auto-grooming, grooming clusters
Arboreal, terrestrial
Sharing clusters
Peripheralization
Vocalization
Agonistic behavior
Dominance heirarchy
Lactation
Consort Pair