1. Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System 206 bones Functions Supports body and provides shape
Protects internal organs
Movement and anchorage of muscles
Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus)
Hematopoiesis (red marrow of the bone is the site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones (epiphyses),pelvis, sternum, cranium, and ribs).
Test question = provides mineral storage like calcium
Test question = hemopoiesis – red marrow in long bones, sternum, & ilia produce RBC’s

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Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sack, then in the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow. In the normal situation, hematopoiesis in adults occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues.
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4. Microscopic mature bone cells
Bone formation
Osteocytes = mature bone
cell
Osteo = bone
Cyte = cell
Microscopic mature bone cells
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Bone formation
Ossification – new minerals deposit to form bone
Begins at 8 weeks gestation
Minerals replace previously formed cartilage.
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Bone formation
Infants bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification.
As bones ossify, they become hard.
Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends.
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Know the following….
Osteocytes = mature bone cells
Osteoblasts = cells that actually form bone
Osteoclasts = cells that tear down old bone
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Video Clip
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Bone formation
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10. Types of Bones Long bones Found in the arms and legs Diaphysis – shaft
Epiphyses – ends
Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells
Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

12. Chewing with movable skull bone = mandible
Occipital bone connects with spinal column

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Axial Skeleton
Skull frontal view
What are the structures of the frontal view of the skull.
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Axial Skeleton
Skull lateral view
What are the structures of the lateral view of the skull.
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Axial Skeleton
the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column.
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Axial Skelton
Hyoid Bone
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
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18. Vertebral Column

19. Spine – Vertebral Column
Encloses the spinal cord
Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage
Intervertebral discs
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae
Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

20. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
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21. Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle = collar bone
Scapula = shoulder blade
Humerus = upper arm
Radius and ulna = lower arm (radius = thumb side)
Carpals = wrist bones held together by ligaments

22. Appendicular Skeleton
Metacarpals = hand bones
Phalanges = fingers
Pelvis = 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Femur = upper leg, longest and strongest bone in the body
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23. Tibia and Fibula = lower leg (tibias touch – tibia is larger of the two bones)
Sternum = breast bone
Patella = kneecap
Tarsal bones = ankle bones
Calcaneus = heel bone
Metatarsals = foot bones

24. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis
Pelvic girdle = ilium, ischium and pubis
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25. Joints
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement:
Diarthrosis – movable
Amphiarthrosis – partially movable
Synarthrosis – immovable
Articular cartilage – covers joint surface
Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints
                                             

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Diarthrosis Joints
Ball and socket
One bone has a ball at one end
The other has a concave socket
Allows for the greatest range of motion
Ex: shoulder
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Diarthrosis Joints
Hinge joint
Move in one direction
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Joints: Diarthrosis
Example of a hinge joint.
Define uniaxial…
permits movement in one axis only
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Diarthrosis Joints
Pivot joints:
Bones that rotate across each other
 joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth .
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Pivot Joint
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Joints
Gliding joint
Bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other
i.e. bones in ankle and hand
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Joints
Amphiarthroses
Partially movable joints
Ribs attached to the sternum; bones connected by cartilage
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Joints
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Connected by fibrous connective tissue
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35. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Fluid-filled sac that contains the synovial membrane
Lined by synovial membrane
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36. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Capsule that encloses a joint
Lines the bursa
Contains synovial fluid
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37. Types of movement
Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

38. Extension
A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.
i.e. going from sitting to standing

39. Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.
Adduction
A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

40. Circumduction
movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed. 

41. Rotation A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.
i.e. shaking your head “no”

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Pronate
turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing downward or inward.
walk or run with most of the weight on the inside edge of the feet.
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43. Pronation
A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

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Supination
turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing upward or outward.
walk or run with most of the weight on the outside of the feet.
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45. Supination
The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

46. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Arthritis = An inflammation of one or more joints.
Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

47. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis = A chronic, autoimmune disease = joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common
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48. Rheumatoid arthritis
                                                
Osteoarthritis

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The main difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritisis the cause behind the joint symptoms. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical wear and tear on joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own immune system attacks the body's joints
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50. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Gout
Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.
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GOUT
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52. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteoporosis- most of those affected are women.
Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, more porous and more prone to fracture. (soft like a sponge)

54. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteoporosis
How do you think osteoporosis is treated?.
Why is her height decreasing?
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis occurs when bone is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it's not being replaced. Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured.
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56. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Rickets
Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.
Is this a common problem in the US? Why or why not?
Normal legs

57. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Abnormal spinal curvatures
Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
swayback
hunchback
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58. Skeletal System Trauma
Dislocation
Separation of bones in a joint
Subluxation = partial separation (dislocation)
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59. Skeletal System Trauma
Fracture- a break in a bone
Treated by:
Closed reduction- cast or splint applied
Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment
Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place
Used for fractures of long bones

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TRACTION
 the practice of exerting a slow, gentle pull on a fractured or dislocated body part. The purpose is to guide the part back into place and to hold it steady
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TRACTION
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62. Closed or simple Open or compound Greenstick Comminuted Spiral
bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin
Open or compound
broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection
Greenstick
in children, bone bent and splintered but
never completely separates
Comminuted
splintered or broken into many pieces
Spiral
bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

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