1. Poetry review

2. Literary devices
Sound Devices

3. SOUND DEVICES
Rhythm: The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem.
Let’s first break down the poetry devices into different categories. The easiest way to begin is with sound devices.
Which terms help us focus on the sounds of the poem?
Alliteration, assonance, consonance, end rhyme, internal rhyme, near/slant rhyme

4. SOUND DEVICES
Alliteration is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.
Assonance:  takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds.
Consonance: Similar to alliteration EXCEPT: repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words, not just at the beginning.

5. How is alliteration different from consonance?
“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe 1 Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore; Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door— 5 Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door— Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
How is alliteration different from consonance?
Where can we see examples of alliteration in the stanza above?
How about consonance? Assonance?

6. Terms: SOUND DEVICES (Rhyme)
Internal Rhyme: metrical lines in which its middle words and its end words rhymes with each other
Example: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary
End rhyme is defined as when a poem has lines ending with words that sound the same.
Slant Rhyme/Near Rhyme: It can be defined as a rhyme in which the stressed syllables of ending consonants match, however the preceding vowel sounds do not match.
Example: on/moon, young/song

7. I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - The Stillness in the Room Was like the Stillness in the Air - Between the Heaves of Storm -
How is slant/near rhyme different from perfect rhyme?
What is an example of slant rhyme in the stanza above?
What is the simile in the above stanza? Explain the significance of the comparison.

8. Terms: SOUND DEVICES (Rhyme)
How do we visualize the patterns of rhyme in a poem?
Rhyme Scheme: Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.” A B C

9. Figurative language

10. Figurative language
Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly.
Example: Pushy versus Assertive
Denotation is generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word 

11. Figurative language
Allusion: A reference to someone or something famous.
Hyperbole: An intentional exaggeration or overstatement, often used for emphasis
Imagery: Language that provides a sensory experience using sight, sound, smell, touch, taste
Oxymoron: Combines two usually contradictory terms in a compressed paradox, as in the word bittersweet or the phrase living death
Personification: A nonliving thing given human or life-like qualities

12. Terms: comparisons
Metaphor: a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics.
Example: This assignment was a breeze.
Simile: Comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as”
Extended Metaphor: a metaphor that continues for several lines or possibly the entire length of a work

13. Terms: Tone vs. Mood
Tone: Used in poetry to convey feeling and emotion. Often thought of as the attitude of the speaker.
Mood: The atmosphere of the poem, often created through the description of setting.

14. Literary devices
FORM AND METER

15. meter
Rhythm can also be created using meter. What is meter? Meter: A pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables

16. Iambs: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
Each unit or part of the pattern is called a “foot.” We focused on one type: iambs.
Iambs: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
What different types of iambic meter have we focused on in class?

17. Iambic meter
Iambic Trimeter: Divided into three iambs (6 syllables) Iambic Tetrameter: Divided into four iambs (8 syllables) Iambic Pentameter is when a line of poetry is divided into 5 iambs (10 syllables).

18. Shakespeare LOVED to write using iambic pentameter.
Iambic meter & poets
Dickinson often used iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter in her poems.
Shakespeare LOVED to write using iambic pentameter.
Poe used trochaic octameter in “The Raven” but that’s not important.

19. Syntax (sentence structure)

20. syntax
Anaphora: The repetition of the first part of the sentence or phrase.
Asyndeton: The intentional exclusion of conjunctions.
Polysyndeton: The intentional inclusion of conjunctions.
Enjambment: When a line of poetry doesn’t end with punctuation, but continues on to the next line.

21. Types of poetry

22. Narrative Ballad Meter Shakespearean Sonnet Petrarchan Sonnet
Types of poetry
Narrative
A type of poem that follows a storyline and has a plot
Ballad Meter
Alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and trimeter with ABCB rhyme scheme
Shakespearean Sonnet
14 line poem broken into 4 parts; written in iambic pentameter
Petrarchan Sonnet
Also known as Italian Sonnets, 14 lines broken into 2 parts

23. Blank Verse Lyrical Poetry Types of poetry
Short poem (only a few lines, 1-2 stanzas)
Usually written in first person point of view
Expresses an emotion or an idea, or describes a scene
Does not tell a story and are often musical
Blank Verse
Does have a regular meter, usually iambic pentameter (five sets of stressed/unstressed)
Does NOT have rhyme
Used by classical playwrights, like Shakespeare

24. Parts of poetry

25. Parts of poetry
There are many parts to each poem. What are some words that help us identify the different parts of a poem?
Couplet
Octave
Quatrain
Sestet
Stanza
Volta

26. Sonnets! ababcdcdefefgg
Parts of poetry
How are poems usually arranged?
By stanzas of course!
Stanza: A group of lines arranged together
Couplet: Two lines in a row that have an end rhyme and the same meter. These are often found at the end of which type of poetry?
Sonnets! ababcdcdefefgg

27. Parts of poetry
Octave: A stanza of 8 lines What is the rhyme scheme of octaves in Petrarchan Sonnets? Rhyme scheme of abbaabba Sestet: A stanza of 6 lines What is the rhyme scheme of sestets in Petrarchan Sonnets? Rhyme scheme of cdecde or cdcdcd

28. Petrarchan sonnet form
Octave: abbaabba [introduces problem/desire] Sestet: cdecde [comments/provides solution] or cdcdcd

29. Quatrain: Stanza or short poem containing four lines
Parts of poetry
Quatrain: Stanza or short poem containing four lines
Lines 2 and 4 must rhyme, while lines 1 and 3 may or may not rhyme
Variations in rhyming patterns (abab, abcb)
Volta: The turn or transition in line 9 of sonnets which marks a shift in focus or thought
How are Shakespearean Sonnets organized? How many quatrains are there?

30. Shakespearean Sonnet Form
Quatrain 1: abab [introduces question] Quatrain 2: cdcd [tentative answers] Quatrain 3: efef [tentative answers] Rhyming Couplet: gg [final answer]

31. Identify: Quatrain Volta Couplet
Sonnet 29 When, in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state, And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, And look upon myself, and curse my fate, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, Featur'd like him, like him with friends possess'd, Desiring this man's art and that man's scope, With what I most enjoy contented least; Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, Haply I think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day arising From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
Identify:
Quatrain
Volta
Couplet

32. poets

33. Shakespeare: Wrote during Renaissance. Lots of sonnets! (152)
Poetic style
Dickinson: Dashes, slant rhyme (assonance), metaphors, common themes of death and nature, unique capitalization
Poe: Alliteration, rhyme (end and internal), gloomy mood, topic usually revolved around death and beautiful women
Shakespeare: Wrote during Renaissance. Lots of sonnets! (152)