1. Between WWI & WWII India, China, Japan, Africa, and Latin America

2. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th Century, but some colonies negotiated their independence.

3. India
In the beginning of the 20th century, Indian nationalism threatened the British empire’s hold on India.
Indian National Congress
promoted self-rule
Mohandas Gandi
Studied law in London
Returned to India in 1915
Advocated passive resistance
Amritsar massacre – 319 killed

4. India Independence video clip
The India Act
British offered a political compromise when repressive measures failed
Even with Gandhi’s support, it failed
Local princes did not cooperate
Muslim & Hindu problems
Ali Jinnah proposes splitting India and creating Pakistan
India Independence video clip
Start at 1:38

5. China Revolution in 1911 results in the fall of the Qing dynasty
Anarchy & local warlords take over regions
Unequal treaty system resulted in major foreign influence
After WWI, many expected the U.S & Britain to terminate unequal treaty system but Paris Peace Conference gave Japan increasing control

6. China May Fourth Movement results (1919)
Protests foreign interference
Marxism increases in popularity
Chinese Communist Party founded
Mao Zedong
Sun Yatsen creates Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang or Kuomintang)
Some members of CCP join Guomindang
Accept support from Soviet Union

7. China Sun Yatsen dies, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) takes over
Launches military action to unify China
Became Anti-Communist
Civil war breaks out between communists and
anti-communists
Mao Zedong leads communist Chinese
The Long March to Shaanxi Province
results in many joining communists
Promotes Maoism; Chinese form of Marxist-Lennism

8. Mao Zedong
1:07 – 9:14

9. Japan Japan’s limited involvement in WWI gave it an economic boost
Profited from selling goods to allies
Gained a larger foothold in China & Korea
Affected by the Great Depression
Military officials and ultranationalists blamed Western influence
Demanded renewed expansion in Manchuria to provide Japan with the natural resources it needed to fuel its industries
Manchurian Railroad – Mukden Incident

10. Japan
League of Nations condemned Japan for the Mukden Incident and invasion of Manchuria, so Japan withdrew
Ultranationalists forced the government to accept military domination
Suppressed democratic freedoms
Revived ancient warrior values
Built a cult around Emperor Hirohito
from the League.

11. Japan
The Japanese government followed the Manchurian incident by nullifying the agreements it had made to limit its navy, and in 1937, Japan attacked China, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Japan had ambitions to conquer China, but the onset of World War II in 1939 changed Japan’s focus.
Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy in September 1940, cementing the alliance known as the Axis Powers.

12. Africa
African colonies participated in WWI, creating weakness and instability
Many natives in the colonies began rebelling against European domination
African nationalism grew and a new social class – the “new elite” – emerged
These Africans understood the world of the “colonizers,” yet were African nationalists
However, it took another world war before their ideas were translated into independence.

13. Latin America Reaction against U.S. influence
Explore alternate political ideologies, especially Marxism
Fidel Castro in Cuba
José Carlos Mariátegui in Peru
Artist Diego Rivera in Mexico
Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua
U.S. continues with economic domination of Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy
“Good Neighbor Policy”