1. “An unstoppable and bloody tide of HORROR!”
MONGOLS!
MONGOLS!
“An unstoppable and bloody tide of HORROR!”

3. Nomadic Lifestyle From central Asia, north and northwest of China
Pastoralist – sheep and horses
Sturdy, self-reliant, fierce warriors
Family-based clans
Seasonal migrations brought contact with various people
Traded animals for iron, cloth

4. Warfare Technology Tactics Saddles Stirrups Bows and arrows
Used extra horses to travel great distances in a day
Speed
Surprise
Adopted new tactics and technologies
Ruthless - used fear and intimidation
Played off rivalries of enemies

5. Destined to Rule

6. Conquest Genghis Khan United the clans
Conquered northern China (Beijing)
Central Asia
Persia
Batu
Invaded Europe
Russia
Poland
Hungary
Outskirts of Vienna, Austria
Kublai Khan
Completed the conquest of China
Failed to conquer Japan
Incorporated Chinese culture into court
Genghis Khan
Kublai Khan

7. Treatment of Conquered - General
Tolerated religious differences
Encouraged trade
Collected tribute from non-resistant foes
Pax Mongolia
Commercial integration of Eurasia
Exchange of knowledge between Europe, Middle East, China
Disease also spread

8. Khanate of the Golden Horde
Russia
Attacks began in 1237, burned almost every city in Kievan Rus
Conquest lasted for 200 years, until late 1400s, small ruling class
Collected stiff taxes
Allowed people to retain government and customs
Local landlords collected taxes (goods and service) and administered justice
Some paid taxes directly to the government
Caused the rise of serfdom
Retained Eastern Orthodox religion

9. Influences on Russia Built roads Improved communication
Improved taxation methods
Isolated from central and western Europe
Religious conflict:
European neighbors were Roman Catholic
Mongols were non-Christian
Suspicions of Eastern Orthodox Slavs
Moscow
Strong principality cooperated with Mongols and received favors
Refused to pay taxes to Mongols
Overthrew Mongol rule, 1480
Remains the center of Russia government

10. A 13th-century Mongol cup from the Hermitage Museum.
Destruction of Suzdal by the Mongol armies. From the medieval Russian annals

11. IL-Khanate Middle East
Warfare destroyed ancient irrigation systems that have never been restored
Baghdad no longer the capital
Rise of the Ottoman Turks
Anatolia was the center of cultural diffusion between the Middle East and Europe
Knowledge of geography, natural resources, commerce, science, technology, math
Constantinople conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 – renamed Istanbul

12. Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 Mongol dynastic rule of China Economics
Used Chinese traditional government
Reunified China after years of division
Economics
Population increased after war
Grand Canal extended
Highway
Mail routes to India and Persia – improved trade
Protected trade routes across Asia
Europeans
Sent ambassadors
Christian missionaries
Marco Polo

13. Mongol-Chinese conflict
Conqueror versus conquered
Different languages
Action versus accomplishments in literature, arts
Freedom of women
Distrust of Chinese officials – Kublai sought to segregate Mongols/Chinese
Secret organizations opposed rule

14. More Sources of Conflict
Mongols promoted a social hierarchy that elevated merchants and lowered Confucian scholars
Overtaxed farmers
Neglected irrigation dams and dikes
Population decline
Warfare
Flooding
Migration
Disease

15. Lasting impact on China
Improved communication
Reunified China after centuries of divide
Improved central authority
Local authorities reported directly to central government
Beijing still capital city
Tax farming
Ming dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in 1368.

16. Conclusions
Mongols success resulted from ability to adapt new technology and strategies, employed non-Mongols to govern (in-direct rule)
Stimulated trade and exchange (cultural diffusion)
Spurred the inception of national or regional identity among conquered peoples
Peripheral areas developed a stronger regional identity (common enemy creates unity) and benefits from increased trade, exchange of ideas and technology