1. U4C13 The Interwar Years
World History

2. Main Idea
World War I left millions of people dead and the map of Europe transformed. With Europe in chaos, nationalism spread to parts of the world that had long been under imperialist control, and a new generation of strong leaders promised power and glory. By the end of the 1930s, these leaders’ aggressive actions had the world on the brink of another devastating global war.

3. Essential Question
What were the effects of the First World War?

4. 13.1 Unrest in Asia and Africa
China after World War I:
May Fourth Movement: May 4, Due to Chinese territory lost to the Treaty of Versailles, angry students demanded change by strikes and protests
An Uneasy Partnership: Guomindang (nationalists) and Communist Party (formed in 1921); leader: Jiang Jiashi; 1927: Chinese Civil War
The Long March: 100,000 Communists led by Mao Zedong travelled 6,000 miles to escape Guomindang, only 8,000 survived

6. Changes in India
India and World War I: 800,000 Indians served the British in WWI, yet new freedoms not gained; Amritsar Massacre: British killed 400 unarmed demonstrators
Gandhi’s Protests: Mohandas Gandhi, Indian lawyer: nonviolence toward living things, civil disobedience (refusal to obey unjust laws); refused to wear British clothing
Gandhi’s Progress: inspired Indians to resist British rule; 1935 British Parliament gave limited self-rule
What changes took place in India?

9. The Middle East
Turkey and Ataturk: Kemal Mustafa in 1923 established Turkey in former Ottoman Empire; changed name to Kemal Ataturk, known as “Father of the Turks”
Persia: 1921-Reza Khan overthrew shah to become shah in 1925; in became Iran
French and British Mandates: Arab nationalists supported by British, as well as Jewish state in Palestine. France controlled Syria & Lebanon, Britain controlled Iraq. Jews and Arabs were unhappy
How did nationalism affect the Middle East?

13. Nationalism in Africa
Nationalist Feeling Grows: wanted independence after serving in War, unhappy with Treaty of Versailles
Working for Independence: Egypt gained independence in 1922, rest of Africa would have to wait until after WWII
How did nationalism affect Africa?

14. 13.2 The Great Depression Timeline:
1920s: American economy booming at end of WWI, growth steady
1929: summer-John J. Raskob wrote magazine article “Everybody Ought to Be Rich”
1929: Tuesday, October 29, 1929, stock market crashed
1930: President Hoover signed Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
1932: Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected
What happened in the U.S. economy during the 1920s?

15. U.S. Economy in 1920s
Economy was strong and growing during most of 1920s
Problem: richest 1% earned 19% of nations income
easy credit allowed increased spending
stock market crash: consumer spending slowed, nervous investors sold stock; October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday, 16 million shares sold; banks soon failed; industry struggled even further
What happened in the U.S. economy during the 1920s?

16. Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash
increasing speculation in the stock market
stock prices at unrealistic levels
increasing consumer reliance on credit
declining consumer spending
struggling businesses

17. Depression Spreads Economic downturn known as the Great Depression
1933: 1 in 4 workers unemployed
no job=no food or goods
Herbert Hoover believed the government should stay out of economic matters
1932: Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected-pledged New Deal-created jobs, welfare, regulations on stock market & banks
John Maynard Keynes: economist that believed government could limit economic downturns
Economic downturn known as the Great Depression. How did the Depression spread throughout the U.S.?

19. The Blues Important African American contribution to modern culture
major influence on jazz, rock, and hip-hop
Robert Johnson-”Grandfather of Rock and Roll”
Bessie Smith-popular blues singer in 20s & 30s
music spread to northern cities as people looked there for work

20. The Worldwide Depression
Hoover’s Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930 slowed trade even further
Europe was unstable and rebuilding after WWI
extremist political groups gained strength-Germany-National Socialist (Nazi) Party, Italy-dictator Benito Mussolini
How did the Depression affect the world?

21. Society Social Welfare Programs Then Social Welfare Programs Now
late 1800s: first modern social programs established in Germany-health insurance, worker’s compensation, pensions for elderly & disabled
1920s: similar social welfare programs common in Europe
U.S.: was responsibility of state and local governments
widespread but most common in Western Europe
most countries offer some form of it, but concerns are that governments can spend too much money

22. 13.3 Japanese Imperialism Timeline:
1929: The Great Depression hits Japan
1931: Japan takes control of Manchuria, China
1933: Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
1934: Japan announces it will no longer submit to limits on its navy
1936: Japan signs agreement with Germany
1937: Japanese troops kill hundreds of thousands of civilians in Nanjing, China
1940: Japan attempts to expand its power in Asia by proposing an economic alliance of Asian nations

23. Japan in the 1920s economic challenges:
Meiji Restoration: nation’s economy first began to industrialize
After WWI, rapid industrialization created problems for peasants, workers laid off, strikes; Japan decided to expand to gain natural resources
social changes: shift to industrial economy brought new ideas from west, conservative military leaders resented this
Focus Question #1: How did Japan change in the 1920s? Japan faced economic changes; shifted to industrialization quickly; new industrial economy brought new ideas from the west.

24. Growing Military Influence
many looked to the military for leadership after Depression began
military officers envisioned a united Japan dedicated to the emperor
Japanese anger over U.S. law in 1924 barring Japanese immigration made them question their government’s cooperation with the west
the west limited the Japanese navy through treaties
Focus Question #2: Why did the Japanese military’s influence grow? Japanese military was looked to for leadership after depression; western treaties and anti-immigration laws angered many.

25. Japanese Aggression revered soldiers in schools
1930s Japanese military took control of government
1931: Manchurian Incident-conquered northeastern China for its natural resources; renamed Manchukuo
1933: withdrew from League of Nations
1936: signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany, Italy
1937: Second Sino-Japanese War with China
Nanjing Massacre-100,000 Chinese killed
1940: could not conquer China, looked to Southeast Asia
Focus Question #3: What were the reasons for Japanese aggression in the 1930s? Japanese military took control of the government.

28. 13.4 Dictators in Europe Europe after World War I:
Problems with peace: the Treat of Versailles (ver-SY), ending WWI dissatisfied many; France wanted harsher punishment for Germany, Italy received no territory although on winning side
German outrage: Germany suffered most from Treaty of Versailles; economy crushed, people and military humiliated, ushering in a period of political upheaval

29. Totalitarian Leaders Arise
Benito Mussolini: A.K.A. “Il Duce” (il DOO-chay)-”The Leader”; came to power by way of dynamic public speaking; initially ruled under fascism-an aggressive state ruled by a dictator, became totalitarianism.
Adolf Hitler: Totalitarian leader, led to politics over Treaty of Versailles; served Germany in WWI; joined National Socialist or Nazi party; 1933, became Chancellor and began to build military, anti-Semite.
Francisco Franco: led 1936 Spanish Civil War, fascists supported by Hitler and Mussolini
Joseph Stalin: in Soviet Union, created a totalitarian state, controlling every aspect of Soviet life.
Focus Question 1: How did Benito Mussolini rule Italy? Fascism and totalitarianism. Fascism: an authoritarian form of government that places the good of the nation above all else, including individual needs and rights. Totalitarianism: government controls all aspects of life.
Focus Question 2: How did Joseph Stalin rule the Soviet Union? created a totalitarian state, controlling every aspect of Soviet life, using fear and violence.
Focus Question 3: How did Adolf Hitler rule Germany? Totalitarianism, propaganda, military buildup, anti-semitism.

32. Totalitarian Governments and Military Force
Japan: lack of land and resources caused military takeover of government; invasion of Manchuria, China; League of Nations critical-Japan withdrew
Italy: 1935-invaded Ethiopia, weak League of Nations did nothing
Spanish Civil War: Communists on left supported by Soviet Union, Fascists and Nationalists on right supported by Italy and Germany; In 1939 ruled by Fascist dictator Franco

37. Hitler Takes Action
Militarizing the Rhineland: moved troops to the Rhineland against order of Treaty of Versailles; France & Britain did not want to stop him
The Anschluss: 1938 forced Austrian government into reuniting Austria with Germany which was another violation of Treaty of Versailles-no one stopped him
The Sudetenland: allowed to annex Sudetenland (German speakers in Czechoslovakia) by British prime minister Neville Chamberlain
WORLD WAS ON THE VERGE OF WAR