1. Living Environment
Genetics

2. Genetics The study of heredity, how traits are passed from parent to offspringor x = or

3. The study of heredity started with the work of Gregor Mendel and his
pea plant garden
Mendel was an Austrian Monk that lived
in the mid 1800’s

4. Mendel noted that the size of pea plants varied
Mendel noted that the size of pea plants varied. He cross-bred these pea plants to find some surprising results.

5. Mendel’s cross between tall pea plants yielded all tall pea plants
Mendel’s cross between tall pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. His cross between small pea plants yielded all small pea plants. X = X =
Mendels’ cross between tall pea plants and small pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. x =

6. Mendel then crossed these second generation tall pea plants and ended up with 1 out of 4 being small. x =

7. Mendel’s Conclusions
Law of Segregation – Two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form; Parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring
Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other

10. Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits such as plant height are carried in pairs of information not by single sets of information.
-Carrying the information are chromosomes. -Chromosomes are made up of sections called genes Genes are made up of DNA

12. DNA D.N.A. - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecule made of: 1. Deoxy Sugar
2. Combination of four nitrogen bases
Either: a. Guanine
b. Cytocine
c. Thymine
d. Adenine
The sum total of combinations that these four bases are capable of creating are greater than all the stars visible in the night time sky

13. DNA Nitrogen bases pair up Pairing creates a ladder shape
Cytosine & Guanine
Thymine & Adenine
Pairing creates a ladder shape
Angle of bonds creates a twist
Ladder and Twist produces the famous
“Double Helix”

14. DNA DNA resides in all cells Each strand forms a chromosome
Nucleus
Cell
DNA resides in all cells
Inside the nucleus
Each strand forms a chromosome
DNA

15. DNA DNA is found in all living cells
It controls all functions inside a cell
It stores all the genetic information for an entire living organism
Single cell like an amoeba
Multi cell like a human

16. Genetics
Small sections of DNA are responsible for a “trait”. These small sections are called “Genes”.
Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Trait - A characteristic an organism can pass on to it’s offspring through DNA
Gene

17. Genetics Hair color is a perfect example of a trait
What color hair should their children have?
Prince Charming is blond
Snow White has dark hair

18. Genetics There are six basic kinds of genes:
1.) Dominant - A gene that is always expressed and hides others
2.) Recessive - A gene that is only expressed when a dominant gene isn’t present

19. Genetics
3.) Codominance - Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
Both alleles are expressed at the SAME TIME
Example – A solid white cow is crossed with a solid brown cow and the resulting offspring are spotted brown and white (called roan).
Example: In certain chickens black feathers are codominant with white feathers. Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled feathers. 

20. Genetics
4.) Incomplete Dominance - Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.
This heterozygous conditions results in the “blending” of alleles
Example – Red and white flowers are crossed and pink flowers are produced.

22. 5.) Multiple Alleles
Three or more possible alleles determine the trait
An organism can only inherit two alleles for a gene, both with more alleles to choose from, there are more possible results
Rabbits fur is an example of this ranging from brownish gray to all white

24. 6.) Polygenic Traits More than one gene affects a trait
The alleles of different genes work together to produce these traits

27. Examples of recessive sex-linked disorders:
colorblindness – inability to distinguish between certain colors
You should see 58 (upper left), 18 (upper right), E (lower left) and 17 (lower right).
Color blindness is the inability to distinguish the differences between certain colors. The most common type is red-green color blindness, where red and green are seen as the same color.

28. 2. hemophilia – blood won’t clot

29. Pedigrees
Graphic representation of how a trait is passed from parents to offspring
Tips for making a pedigree
Circles are for females
Squares are for males
Horizontal lines connecting a male and a female represent a marriage
Vertical line and brackets connect parent to offspring
A shaded circle or square indicates a person has the trait
A circle or square NOT shaded represents an individual who does NOT have the trait
Partial shade indicates a carrier – someone who is heterozygous for the trait

32. Genetics Dominant and Recessive Genes
A dominant gene will always mask a recessive gene.
A “widows peak” is dominant, not having a widows peak is recessive.
If one parent contributes a gene for a widows peak, and the other parent doesn’t, the off spring will have a widows peak.
Widows Peak

33. Genetics
Punnet Square - A tool we use for predicting the traits of an offspring
Letters are used as symbols to designate genes
Capital letters are used for dominant genes
Lower case letters are used for recessive genes
Genes always exist in pairs

34. Genetics Father - No Widows Peak - w Mother - Has a Widows Peak - W
A Widows Peak, dominant, would be symbolized with a capital “W”, while no widows peak, recessive, would be symbolized with a
lower case “w”.
Father - No Widows Peak - w
Mother - Has a Widows Peak - W

35. Genetics
All organisms have two copies of each gene, one contributed by the father, the other contributed by the mother.
Homozygous - Two copies of the same gene
Heterozygous - Two different genes

36. Genetics For the widows peak:
WW - has a widows peak Homozygous dominant
Ww - has a widows peak Heterozygous
ww - no widows peak Homozygous recessive

37. Genetics
Since Herman has no widows peak, he must be “ww”, since Lilly has a widows peak she could be either “WW” or “Ww”
Definitely ww Homozygous
recessive
Either Ww Heterozygous
or WW Homozygous dominant

38. Genetics
We can use a “Punnet Square” to determine what pairs of genes Lilly has
A Punnet Square begins with a box 2 x 2
One gene is called an “allele”
One parents’ pair is split into alleles on top, the other along the side
Each allele is crossed with the other allele to predict the traits of the offspring
Assume Lilly is heterozygous Ww W w
Assume Herman is homozygous recessive ww w Ww ww w Ww ww

39. Genetics
Notice that when Lilly is crossed with Herman, we would predict that half the offspring would be “Ww”, the other half would be “ww”
Half “Ww”, Heterozygous, and will have a widows peak
Half “ww”, Homozygous, and will not have a widows peak W w w Ww ww w Ww ww

40. Genetics
Another possibility is that Lilly might be “WW”, homozygous dominant.
Assume Lilly is homozygous dominant WW W W
Assume Herman is homoozygous ww
Notice that all the offspring are heterozygous and will have a widows peak w Ww Ww w Ww Ww

41. Genetics
So which is true? Is Lilly homozygous dominant (WW) or is she heterozygous (Ww)? W w W W w Ww ww w Ww Ww w Ww ww w Ww Ww

42. Genetics
If Lilly were heterozygous, then 1/2 of their offspring should have a widows peak, 1/2 shouldn’t
If Lilly were homozygous, all of their children will have a widows peak W w W W w Ww ww w Ww Ww w Ww ww w Ww Ww

43. Genetics
Recall that Herman and Lilly had another offspring, Marylin. She had no widows peak, therefore, Lilly must be heterozygous.

44. Genetics
So, back to the original question. What color hair will the offspring of Prince Charming and Snow White have?

45. Genetics
Hair color is different from widows peak, no color is truly dominant.
Brown and blond are the two, true traits
Homozygous conditions produce either brown or blond hair
Heterozygous conditions produce red hair

46. Genetics
For Snow White to have brown hair she must be homozygous dominant, “BB”, a blond Prince Charmin must be homozygous recessive, “bb”. B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb

47. Genetics
All the offspring from Prince Charming and Snow White will therefore be heterozygous, “Bb”, and since hair color is codominant….. all their children will have red hair. +

48. Cell Division (Meiosis)
1. A process of cell division where the number of chromasomes is cut in half
2. Occurs in gonads (testes, ovaries, stamens, etc)
3. Makes gametes (sperm, ova, pollen, etc)