1. 19th Century Liberalism

2. Spanish Revolution (1820)
Greek Revolution (1821)
Belgian Independence (1830)
Serbian Independence (1830)
Creole Discontent (1808)
Chilean and Peruvian Independence (~1820)
Mexican Independence (1821)
Venezuelan Independence (1821)
Brazilian Independence (1822)

3. The Decembrist Revolt in Russia (1825)
Russian military officers form secret societies to push for representative gov’t and the abolition of serfdom
Exposed to liberal ideas during Napoleonic wars
Refuse to swear oath to Nicholas I after coup
Demand a constitution
Demand Liberal Constantine as Czar
Nicholas has cavalry attack with Granola Bars.

4. Czar Nicholas I Most extreme autocracy of the 19th century
Official Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism
Organic Statute declares Poland part of Russia (1830)
Russia uses force to suppress liberal and nationalist revolts

5. The July Revolution in France (1830)
Charles X succeeds Louis XVIII (1824)
Strong believer in Divine Right
Conquers Algeria in hopes of Nationalism
Liberals win seats in “Chamber of Deputies” (1830)
Charles passes “The Four Ordinances”
Restricts press, dissolves Chamber, restricts vote, calls for new elections

6. The July Revolution (1830)
Violent riots in Paris kill 1,800 and force Charles X to abdicate
Louis-Philippe proclaimed king
Rules with liberal policies while ignoring the working classes
Crushes working class Parisian uprisings

7. 1848: A Year of Liberal Revolutions
More than 50 outbreaks of liberal and nationalist revolution across Europe
Wide number of conditions
Economic depression, unemployment, poor relief lacking, harsh working conditions, Food shortages, riots
Typically came from the middle class desiring:
Representative government
Civil liberties
Economic freedom
Improved working conditions

9. 1848: A Year of Liberal Revolutions
Nationalists seek independence
General Results of the 1848 Revolutions
French Monarchy falls
Few lasting liberal reforms elsewhere
Conservatism restored
Middle class turns on working class in fear of radical changes (ie. Socialism)

10. France 1848 Discontent with Louis-Philippe Paris Revolt 1848 Corrupt
Few Social Laws
Only Rich Vote
Paris Revolt 1848
Louis-Philippe abdicates after 2 days
Rioters refuse new monarch

11. The Second Republic Monarchy abolished (again) Division
Universal male suffrage
Abolish slavery and death penalty
10 hour workday created in Paris
Division
Moderate Liberals (Middle Class) oppose further social change
Radicals (working class) want socialism

13. Louis Blanc’s National Workshops
Cooperative, government sponsored workshops
Created to appease working class radicals
200,000 show up to Paris to join

14. Elections Moderates and conservatives win most seats, few radicals
Even peasants fear socialism
Socialists dropped from executive committee (Blanc)
Army crushes worker invasion of Constituent Assembly

15. June Days Riots in response to the closing of the National Workshops
Constitution with strong executive written
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected (Nephew of Napoleon I)

17. Vienna
Hungarians demand self-rule, civil liberties, and universal suffrage
Austrian students riot in support
Metternich flees
Emperor Ferdinand I promises constitution and reform
Students form democratic clubs to demand more reform
Ferdinand abolishes serfdom
Country peasantry contented, will not support riots
Riots cease from division between Middle and working class

19. Hungary
Magyars (Ethnic Hungarians) pass the March Laws, approved by Ferdinand
Equal Religion, Jury trials, election of legislature, free press, taxes for nobility
Also push for autonomy under the Habsburgs
Try to also claim Croatia, Transylvania, some Serbs, some Romanians
Nationalist uprisings by these groups give support to Austria, who reasserts control

20. Czech Rebellion
Czech nationalists revolt, demand autonomy like Hungary
Czechs and Germans in the region clash
Czechs create Pan-Slavic Conference led by Francis Palacky
Call for national equality of Slavs within the Habsburg Empire
Creates vision of vast Slavic state in Eastern Europe
Uprising put down by troops, supported by Prague’s middle class

21. Northern Italy Riots against Habsburg rule begin in Milan
Eventually subdued by Austrian troops

22. Vienna pt.2 Ferdinand Returns and army ends revolt
Ferdinand abdicates, Franz Joseph takes over
More willing to use force to end rebellion

23. Hungary pt.2
Franz Joseph cancels new constitution, sends troops to Budapest
200,000 Russian soldiers come to help put down following revolt