1. Note
Final Exam-please check final schedule
Atlantic Superstore Tour-Sydney River -21 November- 10:25 am start-10:55 am finish

2. Note
Do sprouted wheat products (like Ezekiel bread) have gluten – yes
Second point re above point?
receipts

3. Lecture 10 – 10 October 2018
Proteins

4. Proteins
Comes from the Greek word protos meaning of prime importance

5. What are they?
-chains of amino acids
-an amino acid is an organic acid with a side group and an NH2 group attached

6. Functions of proteins in the body
-structure
-hair, nails, cells
-mechanical functions
motor proteins
-eg contractile proteins in muscle

7. Functions of proteins in the body
-enzymes
-aid in reactions- make the reactions go faster
-hormones
-signals to cells
-eg insulin
-antibodies
-help fight infection

8. Functions of proteins in the body
-fluid balance
-osmotic influence
-acid base balance
-charge on certain proteins affects pH
-channels
e.g.-move ions into and out of cells

9. Functions of proteins in the body
pumps
-move substances across cell membrane by use of energy
-transport
-eg -lipoproteins transport fat in bloodstream
-carry fat soluble vitamins
-source of energy and glucose
-when protein is broken down it gives energy

10. Functions of proteins in the body
-used to make neurotransmitters

11. Digestion of protein
-stomach acid
-denatures-straightens out proteins –readies them for small intestine digestion of proteins
-small intestine- enzymes attack proteins and make them into amino acids

12. Absorption of protein
Amino acids moved across intestinal wall into blood
Transport of protein
No special needed-the amino acids are water soluble
Metabolism
Individual amino acids assembled into proteins humans need

13. How are proteins made in the body?
-remember protein in is not protein out
-proteins are made from copies of DNA

14. Excretion
Proteins are broken down into amino acids and then amino acids are further broken down- urea is one product of amino acid breakdown, urea and other components of protein breakdown are put in the urine and excreted

15. Nitrogen balance
-positive nitrogen balance- more protein being made than broken down –pregnant female
-zero nitrogen balance- protein is being made as fast as it is being broken down-healthy person
-negative nitrogen balance- protein is being broken down faster than it is being made eg illness

16. Recommended intake of protein
Infants 0-6 months g/kg body weight/day
Children g/kg body weight/day
Adults g/kg body weight/day
Seniors g/kg body weight/day
-For all about % of daily energy intake
-Must be high quality (complete) protein  

17. Protein quality
Complete proteins –correct balance of essential amino acids
Definitions of two types of amino acids
-essential and non-essential
Most animal proteins are complete
Many plant proteins are incomplete- exception soybean protein

18. Complementarity
Beans and rice
Beans and corn
Rice and lentils
Pasta and beans
Peanut butter on bread

19. Estimating protein intake
Food labels will allow you to do this
Following Canada’s food guide will allow you to estimate this

20. Vegetarianism
Various types of diets in vegetarianism-progressive risk of inadequate protein intake going from omnivores to fruitarians

22. Potential Health risks
Vegans- MAY BE low in iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin D and B6 and B12
-higher intakes of oxalates
Fruitarian-limited in many essential nutrients
However, the next four slides provide more context on the issue of potential deficiencies

23. Important to emphasise that plant-based protein is:
affordable (even more than animal-based protein)
nutrient-dense
easily combined to form complete essential amino acid levels.
Indication that vegans/vegetarians being deficient in other essential vitamins and minerals requires clarification and current information on the topic

24. There are growing amounts of vegan/vegetarian options being offered in grocery stores and restaurants, almost all of which are being fortified with B12, etc.
buying fortified grain products (eg pastas); this is an important point: that deficiencies are not as big of a problem as they used to be, as it is becoming more and more difficult to find non-fortified vegan/vegetarian options

25. Following a vegan/vegetarian lifestyle is very similar to omnivorous lifestyles, as there are 'right' and 'wrong' ways to do it.
Just as omnivores can be deficient in certain nutrients if they are not following a balanced, varied diet, and can be nutritionally healthy if they eat enough 'good' foods, vegans/vegetarians can do the same.

26. There are 'wrong' ways to follow this lifestyle, such as relying on too many processed foods and grains, and there is a 'right' way as well, if the food groups in the Guide are followed (many different fruits, veggies, legumes, whole grains, dairy and meat alternatives, etc). This connection was missed in the class discussion, as deficiencies are a result of not enough variety and nutrient-dense foods, not necessarily from the lack of complete proteins and dairy products.

27. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus
Protein deficiencies
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
Marasmus
Wasting- skin and bones look
Not enough energy or protein
Kwashiokor
Evil spirit that affects first child when the second one is born
Enough energy not enough protein
Swollen belly appearance

28. Excess protein intake
Risk of cancer, heart disease and osteoporosis and renal failure