1. Color-Invariant Motion Detection under Fast Illumination Changes
Paper by:Ming Xu and Tim Ellis
CIS 750
Presented by: Xiangdong Wen
Advisor: Prof. Latecki

2. Agenda >Introduction >Color Fundamentals
>Color-Invariant Motion Detection
>Experimental Results
>Discussion
>Conclusion
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3. Introduction
>Motion detection algorithms: based on the differencing operation of image intensities between a frame and a background image.
>Background image: reflects the static elements in a scene.
>Background image needs to be updated because
>Lack of a target-free training period;
>Gradual illumination variations;
>Background objects which then move.
>Updating scheme
Linear interpolation between the previous bg value and new observation
>Gaussian mixture model: based on gray-level or RGB color intensities
>could detect a large proportion of changes.
>cannot follow fast illumination changes:
>moving clouds,
>long shadows,
>switching of artificial lighting

4. Identifying a particular object surface under varying illumination
>Marchant and Onyango.(2000) proposed a physics-based method for shadow compensation in scenes illuminated by daylight.
>Represented the daylight as a black body,
>Assumed the color filters to be of infinitely narrow bandwidth.
Results: as illumination changes, the ratio (R/B)/(G/B)^A depends on surface reflection only. (A can be calculated from daylight model and camera.)
>Finlayson et al.(2000) Using same scheme.
Results: Log-Chromaticity Differences (LCDs) ln(R/G) and ln(B/g) are independent of light intensity and there exists a weighted combination of LCDs which is independent of light intensity and light color

5. Adaptive schemes in color-invariant detection of motion under varying illumination
>Wren et al (1997) used the normalised components, U/Y and V/Y of YUV color space to remove shadows in a indoor scene
>A single adaptive Gaussian represents the probability density of pixel belonging to the background.
>The scene without person has to be learned before to locate people.
>Raja et al (1998) used hue(H) and saturation(S) of an HSI color space to decouple the influence of illumination changes in a indoor scene,
>A Gaussian mixture model was used to estimate the probabilities of each pixel belonging to a multi-colored foreground object
>Each Gaussian models one color in the foreground object and was learned in a training stage.

6. Motion detection in outdoor environments illuminated by daylight
>A refection model influenced by ambient objects is used.
>large-scale illumination changed mainly arises from varying cloud cover.
>The dominant illumination comes from either direct sunlight or reflection from clouds
>The normalised rgb color space is used to eliminate the influence of varying illumination
>A Gaussian mixture model is used to model each pixel of the background , provides multi-background modelling capabilities for complex out scenes

7. Colour Fundamentals
An image taken with a color camera is composed of sensor responses as:
->illumination,
->reflectance of an object surface
->Camera sensitivity
-> wavelength,
The image intensity:
>The appearance of objects is a result of interaction between illumination and reflectance.
>To track the object surface, it is desirable to separate the variation of the illumination from that of the surface reflection.

8. Shadow model(1)
In an out door environment, fast illumination changes occur at the regions where shadows emerge or disappear.
>large-scale (arising from moving cloud)
>small-scale (from objects themselves)
Shadow model (Gershon et al 1986)
>There is only one illuminant in the scene
>Some of the light does not reach the object because blocking objects.
>create a shadow region and a directly lit region on the object.
>The shadow region is illuminated by each reflection objects j:

9. Shadow model cont. >The reflected light from the object surface
>For the directly lit region
>For the shadow region:
>Assume the chromatic average of the ambient objects is gray
i.e. it is relatively balanced in all visible wavelengths and
Where c is independent of and may varies over space

10. Shadow model cont.
The assumption is realistic for the fast-moving cloud case, in which the only illuminant is the sunlight and both the blocking and ambient objects are gray(or white) clouds.
Under the assumption, the reflected light from directly lit and shadow regions will stay in proportion for a given object surface. Thus the image intensities at all color channels being in proportion no matter lit or shadowed
The proportionality between RGB color channels can be represented using the normalised color components :
Where each component of will keep constant for a given object surface under varying illumination.

11. Color-Invariant Motion Detection
A single Gausssion is sufficient to model a pixel value for one channel of the RGB components resulting from a particular surface under particular lighting and account for acquisition noise.
A single adaptive Gaussian is sufficient to model each RGB channel if lighting changes gradually over time. The estimated background value is interpolated between the previous estimation and the new observation. It cannot follow an RGB component under fast illumination changes. A normalized color component (rgb) for a given object surface tends to be constant under lighting changes and is appropriate to model using an adaptive Gaussion.
Multiple adaptive Gaussians (a mixture of Gaussions) are used to model a pixel at which multiple object surfaces may appear as the backgrounds. E.g. swaying trees

12. Color-Invariant Motion Detection cont.
Let the pixel value at time t be and modeled by a mixture of N Gaussian distributions. The probability of observing the pixel value is:
Where G is the Gaussian probability density function of the I-th background Bi, P(Xi | Bi)
P(Bi) reflecting the likelihood that the distribution accounts for the observed data.

13. Scheme
Every new observation, Xt, is checked against the N Gaussian distributions, A match is defined as an observation within about 3 standard deviations of a distribution. If none of the N distributions match the current pixel value, the least probable distribution is replaced by the new observation.
For the matched distribution, i, the parameters are updated as:
For the unmatched distribution
The distribution(s) with greatest weight is(are)considered as the background model.

14. Experimental Results
To assess the significance of the color-invariant motion detection
>Evaluated the model at both pixel and frame levels using a set of image sequences.
>The image sequence was captured at a frame rate of 2 hz
>Each frame was compressed in JPEG format
>frame size: 384x288 pixels.
This sequence well represents the abundant contexts of a day lit outdoor environment:
>Fast illumination changes, waving trees, shading of tree canopies,
>Highlights of specula reflection, as well as pedestrians.

15. the absolute (RGB) and normalised (rgb) color components at selected pixels through time.
No foreground object is present.
Foreground object are present.
The absolute color components (RGB) change greatly with the illumination.
The normalized color components (rgb) for a background pixel have flat profiles under illumination.
For each foreground pixel, at least one rgb component appears as an apparent spike.

16. The parameter updating procedure of the Gaussian background model for one color component
A lit region with foreground objects
A shadowed region without foreground objects
The thin lines represent and (upper and lower) profiles, respectively.

17. Comparing the RGB and rgb results under little illumination change
>The results are coherent.
>Because of the different emphasis of image contexts, the “blobs” appear as different shapes.

18. The RGB and rgb results under a major illumination change.
A large area of the background is detected as a huge foreground object.
(c) Ground truth targets are clearly visible under fast illumination changes

19. Discusion(1) >Appropriate selection of the initial deviation
>An underestimate of the initial deviation
prohibits many “ground truth” background pixels from being
adapted into background models
>An overestimate of the initial deviation
needs a longer learning period at the start of an image sequence
>Currently
it is manually selected and globally uniform according to the
noise level in shaded regions where the absolute noise level in
rgb components is high.
>In future
it may be automatically selected according to the local
spatial variation in the rgb components at the start time

20. Discussion(2) >The rgbl color space
>combined the intensity I, with the rgb color space
>is an invertible transformation from RGB space
>avoids the loss of the intensity information.
>robustly determinates the shadowed region:
>the rgb components are stable
>the I component is significantly lower.
>Two kinds of pixels which may be excluded from consideration:
>RGB components saturated can make the corresponding rgb components unconstrained
>The rgb components in over-dark regions are very noisy.
>To alleviate this problem:
> Using cameras with auto iris control
> Gamma correction

21. Conclutions
>A Gaussion mixture model based on the rgb color space has been presented for maintaining a background image for motion detection.
>The scheme is especially successful when applied to outdoor scenes illuminated by daylight and is robust to fast illumination changes arising from moving cloud and self-shadows.
>The success results from a realistic reflection model in which shadows are present.

22. Thank you!