1. Volume 139, Issue 1, Pages 182-193.e7 (July 2010)
Interleukin-15 Expression Is Increased in Human Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Mediates Pathogenesis in Mice 
Xiang Zhu, Meiqin Wang, Parm Mavi, Madhavi Rayapudi, Akhilesh K. Pandey, Ajay Kaul, Philip E. Putnam, Marc E. Rothenberg, Anil Mishra 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 139, Issue 1, Pages e7 (July 2010)
DOI: /j.gastro
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2. Figure 1
Analysis of esophageal eosinophilia and IL-15 in non-EoE individuals, patients with active EoE, and treated patients with EoE. (A) Correlation between the maximum eosinophil number/hpf and IL-15 mRNA expression in human EoE is shown. (B) P value and r were calculated using Spearman correlation test. IL-15 mRNA expression in non-EoE individuals, patients with active EoE (>24 eosinophils/hpf), patients on an elemental diet, and patients responsive and not responsive to fluticasone are shown. (C) Human (h) serum IL-15 protein levels in non-EoE individuals, patients with active EoE (>24 eosinophils/hpf), patients on an elemental diet, and patients treated and responsive to fluticasone are shown. Immunoreactivity of IL-15 was tested on esophageal biopsy specimens from non-EoE individuals and patients with EoE by performing immunohistochemistry. No IL-15–positive cells were detected in non-EoE patient esophageal biopsy specimens (arrows, original magnification 10× [D (i)], inset magnification 400× [D (ii)]. A number of infiltrating cells were detected positive for IL-15 in the esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE (original magnification 10× [D (iii)] and inset magnification 400× [D (iv)]. P values were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests. Diet-R, diet treatment responder; FP-R, fluticasone responders; FP-NR, fluticasone nonresponders.
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3. Figure 2
IL-15Rα-deficient mice are protected from allergen-induced EoE. (A) Mice were intranasally challenged 3 times a week for 3 weeks with Aspergillus fumigatus extract or saline as per the protocol shown. (B) Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected and analyzed 18 to 20 hours after the last intranasal saline or allergen exposure, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophil numbers were counted and are shown. (C) Eosinophils in the esophagus were counted by performing morphometric analysis and are expressed as eosinophils per square millimeter. Data are expressed as mean ± SD; n = 12 mice/group. NS, not significant.
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4. Figure 3
Macrophages and dendritic cells are increased following experimental EoE induction. The total esophageal cells from saline- and Aspergillus-challenged mice were analyzed for macrophages and dendritic cells using FACS analysis. (A) The 7AAD− CD45+ (pan marker) cells were gated and CD11b/MHC class II double-positive cells were analyzed for macrophages in (B) saline- and (C) Aspergillus-challenged mice. Similarly, CD11c/MHC class II double-positive cells were analyzed for dendritic cells in 7AAD− CD45+ (pan marker) gated cells in (D) saline- and (E) Aspergillus-challenged mice. Further, intracellular IL-15 was detected in (G) MHCII-CD11b double-positive cells and (I) MHCII-CD11c double-positive cells isolated from allergen-challenged mice. Some baseline IL-15–positive cells were also detected in control cells (F and H). These experiments are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. Data are expressed as percent change in cell populations.
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5. Figure 4
IL-15 treatment of purified murine CD4+ T cells. FACS analysis was performed to examine mouse (m) IL-15 receptor on purified splenic CD4+ T cells. (A) Approximately 30% of the purified population expressed IL-15–specific receptor IL-15Rα. (B) IL-15 dose-dependently increased proliferation as observed by performing thymidine incorporation analysis as shown. Western blot analysis indicates that 100 ng/mL IL-15–induced STAT5 phosphorylation was observed between 15 and 60 minutes (C), and flow cytometric analysis indicates that only 20% of CD4+ T cells responded to 100 ng/mL mouse (m) IL-15 for STAT5 phosphorylation at 30 minutes. (D–F) The solid line in the histogram represents 100 ng/mL IL-15 treated, and the dashed line represents nontreated CD4+ T cells. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SD. NS, not significant.
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6. Figure 5
CD4+ T-cell and Th2 cytokine profiles following IL-15 exposure. A dose-response analysis indicates that IL-15 priming to CD4+ T cells induces Th2 cytokine (IL-5 and IL-13) mRNA (A and B) and proteins (C and E). The IL-15–primed CD4+ T cells following stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 enhance the production of IL-5 and IL-13 (D and F). These are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ND, not detected.
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7. Figure 6
Eotaxin gene induction in human (h) and mouse (m) primary esophageal epithelial cells following IL-15 treatment. The characteristics of isolated and cultured mouse and human primary esophageal epithelial cells were verified by immunostaining with mouse and human anti-cytokeratin antibody and tested by performing FACS analysis: (A) mouse and (B) human. The cells were further examined for the expression of IL-15 receptor using IL-15Rα antibody against mouse and human, and data are shown (C and D). Expression of eosinophil-specific chemokines eotaxin-1, -2, and -3 following IL-15 stimulation in mouse and human primary esophageal epithelial cells was quantified using real-time PCR. (E) Eotaxin-1 and (F) eotaxin-2 mRNA expression in mouse primary esophageal epithelial cells following 48 hours of murine IL-15 (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/mL) exposure is shown. (G) Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression in human primary esophageal epithelial cells following 48 hours of human IL-15 (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/mL) exposure is shown. These are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
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8. Figure 7
Diagrammatic proposed pathway representation of IL-15–induced EoE. Allergen-induced IL-15–producing macrophages (MC) and dendritic cells (DC) are increased in the esophagus in experimental EoE. IL-15 activates and proliferates specific populations of CD4+ T cells. IL-15–induced CD4+ T-cell activation in certain conditions produces eosinophil-active cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 that are regulated by STAT5. In addition, IL-15 induces eosinophil active chemokines (eotaxin) in the esophageal epithelial cells that attract eosinophils into the esophageal epithelial mucosa from the blood. The STAT5-mediated pathway of Th2 cytokine induction supports previous findings that allergen-induced Th2 responses in EoE are dependent and independent of STAT6.
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9. Supplementary Figure 1
Induced expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα transcripts in the esophagus of human (h) and experimental (m) EoE. Esophageal mRNA expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα was measured in esophageal biopsy specimens from non-EoE individuals and patients with EoE by performing quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The relative expression compared with respective controls are shown: n = 14 to 16 esophageal biopsy specimens/group (A and B) and saline- and allergen-challenged mice, n = 12 mice/group (C and D). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
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10. Supplementary Figure 2
Immunohistochemical detection of IL-15 in esophageal biopsy specimens from non-EoE individuals and patients with EoE. Immunoreactivity of IL-15 was tested on esophageal biopsy specimens from non-EoE individuals (A and B) and patients with EoE (C and D) by performing immunohistochemistry. No IL-15–positive cells were detected in non-EoE patient esophageal biopsy specimens (arrows, original magnification 10× [A], inset magnification 400× [B]). A number of infiltrating cells were detected positive for IL-15 in the esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE (original magnification 10× [C], inset magnification 400× [D]).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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11. Supplementary Figure 3
IL-15 response to CD4+ T cells for STAT3 and STAT6 activation. IL-15–induced STAT3 and STAT6 phosphorylation was examined between 15 and 45 minutes. No phosphorylation was observed at any time point measured using FACS analysis. A representative figure of STAT3 and STAT6 following 30 minutes of IL-15 treatment and no treatment with respective positive controls IL-4 and IL-6 is shown (A and B). The histogram shown is representative of 3 independent experiments.
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12. Supplementary Figure 4
The expression of eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 mRNA in human (h) primary esophageal epithelial cells following 48 hours of human IL-15 (0, 10, 100 ng/mL) exposure was determined by quantitative PCR analysis and is shown (A and B). Data are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Gastroenterology  , e7DOI: ( /j.gastro )
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