1. Professor John Canny Fall 2004
CS 160: Lecture 26
Professor John Canny
Fall 2004
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2. Preamble Team work assignment.
Extension on Final report to Monday Dec 6.
Final exam time is Monday Dec 20th from 8-11am in 105 Northgate.
Review sessions as per Scott’s .
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3. Final Exam The final exam will break down as:
33% on the material before the midterm
67% on the material since the midterm
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4. Big Ideas This lecture will cover the big ideas from the course.
Your task is to fill in the gaps, ask questions, and relate the material to your needs for it in future.
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5. Understanding people HCI is a challenge because
People are not all the same - values very different
Identity (traits) are both individual and collective
Tension between designing too narrowly and too broadly
So far you have probably studied lots about Computers, but
little about Humans and Interaction.
This course will concentrate on how these three areas come together.
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6. Personae A rich portrait of a character Why do we do this? Name:
Occupation:
Values:
Likes:
Dislikes:…
Why do we do this?
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7. Personae Answer: Narrative detail is generative
It helps you generate design ideas based on your experience
helps you anticipate user needs and wants
With multiple personae, you can cover a range of user backgrounds
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8. UI Design Cycle
Design
Prototype
Evaluate
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9. Why do we do this?
Design
Prototype
Evaluate
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10. UI Design cycle
A: We can’t model human behavior well enough to predict UI performance.
Evaluation allows us to measure performance, and highlights weaknesses.
Rapid prototyping allows us to complete more iterations, and achieve better designs.
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11. Contextual Inquiry Select some representative tasks.
Interview using Master-Apprentice model.
Watch for critical incidents, take notes. ?
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12. Contextual Inquiry
Why do we do things this way? ?
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13. Human Learning
Piaget and Vygotsky – Constructivism and social learning
ZPD – Zone of Proximal Development
Facilitating Transfer
Meta-cognition
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14. Human Learning
Contrast “concrete” vs. “abstract” knowledge in Piaget’s framework.
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15. The Task Analysis Questions
Who is going to use system?
What tasks do they now perform?
What tasks are desired?
How are the tasks learned?
Where are the tasks performed?
What’s the relationship between user & data?
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16. Task Analysis Questions (cont.)
What other tools does the customer have?
How do customers communicate with each other?
How often are the tasks performed?
What are the time constraints on the tasks?
What happens when things go wrong?
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17. Rapid Prototyping Support fast iterations, encourage changes.
Low fidelity techniques
paper sketches
cut, copy, paste
video segments
UI builders
Fusion, NeXT, Visual Café, Denim,…
Fantasy Basketball
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18. Teams Teams: common purpose, mutual accountability.
Smaller is better (3-10 is ideal).
Positive conflict helps creativity.
Short-term goals help motivation.
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19. Budget usability methods
Scenarios.
Simplified thinking aloud.
Heuristic evaluation ** :
Based on real user studies.
“Top-10” list of bugs.
Add severity/cost ratings.
Use ~5 evaluators.
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20. Human models Model Human Processor. Fitt’s law. Memory model.
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21. Human models What are some limitations of cognitive models?
What are they useful for?
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22. Cognitive models Structural vs. Functional models.
Metaphors (e.g. desktop).
Other Cognitive Models.
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23. Cognitive models Contrast cognitive models with metaphors.
Give an example of a system with a clean cognitive model that is not a metaphor.
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24. Break Extension on Final Report Deadline: to Monday Dec 6th.
Final exam time is Monday Dec 20th from 8-11am in 105 Northgate. Review sessions as per Scott’s .
Final presentations in reverse order 10,9,8,…
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25. Model-View-Controller
Architecture for interactive apps
introduced by Smalltalk developers at PARC
Partitions application in a way that is
scalable
maintainable
Model
View
Controller
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26. Model-View-Controller
Should there be the same number of views and controllers?
Model
View
Controller
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27. Aesthetic Principles Simplicity Scale, Contrast, Proportion
Organization and Visual Structure
Grid-based Design
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28. Design Patterns Originated in architecture (Alexander).
Codify design knowledge, include problem, solution, and context.
Well-matched to iterative design. Why?
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29. Quantitative Evaluation
Used to measure differences (b/w UIs).
Dependent and independent variables.
Within vs. Between subjects experiments.
Q: which is better with few subjects?
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30. Social Psychology
Mere presence influences speed, error rates, improves well-learned tasks.
Attributions of behavior have an actor-observer effect.
Groups influence our perception of self and others through norms (reference groups).
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31. CSCW Asynchronous groupware: email, etc.
Synchronous groupware: video, audio,..
Issues with videoconferencing.
Face-to-face vs. .
Grudin’s 8 challenges for CSCW.
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32. Information design and viz.
Information tasks (4).
OAI model, action/object hierarchies.
4-phase search pattern.
Viz techniques:
2D projection: MDS
Focus+Context
3D viz
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33. Error Handling Error recovery is a “normal” process.
Types of errors: slips and mistakes; Capture and description errors.
Five responses to errors: Gag, warn etc.
Recovery.
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34. Help systems 4 Types of help: Minimalist help systems.
quick reference, task-oriented, full explanation, tutorial
Minimalist help systems.
Adaptive help - user modeling - knowledge representation.
Design/implementation issues.
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35. Multimodal systems
Multi-modal systems provide advantages in certain environments and for certain users.
Speech and pointing are complementary.
Early vs. late fusion, advantages/ disadvantages.
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36. That’s it!
Remember to study “forwards” as well as “backwards”: i.e. “where will I use these ideas again?”
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37. That’s it!
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